Importance of Communication in Social Work | Essay

Importance of communicating in complaisant Work EssayPeople continually get with each other in one form or a nonher(prenominal) whether it be with spoken or written language. Communication is organic to friendly carry modify interactions with service intakers, c bers, communities, professionals and organisations. The following naming discusses how genial actors come nearly with a variety of unmarrieds, how this keister validatingly or prejudicially make believes man-to-mans and order which affects conversation. The assignment will withal look at bars which affect confabulation and how this lavatory affect individual(a)s, the role self-aw arness has ensuring accessible thespians have an perceptiveness of themselves and the effects of ain and professional determine on parley. Finally the assignment will look at skills required for impelling communication and ways in which these en qualified empowerment of individuals.Barker (2003) defines communication as the vocal and nonverbal exchange of information, including all ways in which knowledge is catching and received. (Cited in Trevithick 2005 116). Everyone communicates close tothing, sociable workers take aim to understand how to and how people communicate modify relationships, gaining arrest of personal circumstances and experiences through carrying discover assessments, writing reports, doorway resources to address hire e.g. multi-agency collaboration. If individuals experience a negative communication the individual whitethorn become suspicions, doubt and mistrust the hearty worker starring(p) to a loss of belief in the possibility of change, further positive experiences can result in individuals macrocosm left hand with a flavouring of hope. (Trevithick 2005).When communicating companionable workers require knowledge of legislation regarding the transfer of information, the Data Protection Act (1988) controls how individuals personal information is enforced by organisations and government, who be required to follow a set of data protection principles including information utilize fairly and de jure (www.gov.uk). The Wales Accord on the share of Personal Information (WASPI) framework provides protocols and agreements enabling effective collaborative on the job(p) through start organisations, enabling barriers to be have the best for sharing information legally, safely and effectively, while still ensuring the safeguarding individuals. (wales.gov.uk)some individuals experience barriers which disenable communication, individuals with skill disabilities or specific communication issues including hearing loss or visual impairment experience social issues much(prenominal) as creation ignored, treated as stupid, shouted at or people losing patients if they require more time, resulting in individuals being excluded from communication interactions deviation people isolated from society (Cree and Myers 2010). Thompson (2007) suggests age as a barrier stating Children and young people can be seen as unable to licitly participate in decision making being on the fringe of what atomic number 18 seen as adult matters, some older individuals state they feel the same as becoming elderly they are no long-lived adults having a valid point.An individuals language is non beneficial a means of communication it is part of their culture and identity, being able to use a preferred language can match on professional relationships. Some people feel languages such as position are more important than others, however for Individuals with Welsh as their origin language are unable to indicate need understandably in English due to the issue being discussed or lack of confidence, resulting in a need to swap from English to Welsh, being unable to may leave individuals feeling disempowered and beated as needs are non identified. Welsh Language Act became law in 1993 ensuring Welsh became pair to English enabling individuals to access services in Welsh (Davies 2011). This also impact individuals from ethnic minorities whose first language is not English.To enable effective communication social workers need to become aware of how they interact and communicate with individuals. Burnard (1992) defines self-awareness as the process of getting to know your feelings, attitudes and values and learning about the effect you have on others (Cited in Thompson 2002 p3). Thompson (2002) suggests self-awareness is gained by understanding testify strengths and weaknesses in different situations, recognising any prejudice and accept diversities in spite of appearance individuals enabling confidence in own practice. If self-awareness is not acknowledged there is a risk of creating barriers between themselves and individuals by concentrating on their issues not the issues pre displaceed by the individual e.g. traveller communities may require a female social worker to request permission from a senior male to work with in their community, the social work may not agree with this nevertheless they need to understand the cultural requirements to enable worryment.Thompson (2009) suggests personal values develop from upbringing, experiences and learning, impacting attitudes, practice and ability to empower individuals. These values impact us with or without our knowledge and incline every decision social workers makes. Warren (2007) suggests social workers need awareness of own value base for two reason, firstly for awareness of manipulation and control which may disenable social workers to richly empower service drug users. Secondly to enable social workers to identify conflicts which may arise between their and the service users values, such as social workers valuing a good work ethic and the service user not working claiming benefits. Service users and carers also have individual values which impact on how they engage with the social worker.Professional values are core values within codes of p ractice and organisations grounded in anti-oppressive practice. The care council for Wales has a set of 6 core values which impact the practice of social workers and employers including strive to make believe and maintain the trust and confidence of service users and carers, social workers need to use good verbal skills such as interviewing skills to enable this (Care Council for Wales 2011) . Biestek (1961) suggests seven tralatitious social work values which can be resileed in how social workers communicate with individuals. Four of the suggested values link directly to social work engagement with individuals to ensure ensuring a non-judgmental attitude which does not including professional judgements which are made by social workers, while showing the individual admire and acceptance of individuals strengths and weaknesses as an individual. tender workers need to act reservely in a sensitive and supportive way understanding the uniqueness of individual and their feelings a bout situations, acknowledging individuals have knowledge and experience of need, if social workers fail to acknowledge this they are at risk of treating everyone the same and not meeting the individual need. Two values relate to individuals ensuring Client self-rule and Purposeful expression of feelings by encouraging individuals to discuss and express their feelings openly, enabling partnership working and individuals making decisions about their lives. The final value Confidentiality enables the individual to discuss sensitive and personal issues in a confidential purlieu recognising confidentiality to the organisation not the individual, which social workers need to make service user and carer aware of in the initial meeting as this may impact on relationships making individuals feel deceived if they are not informed. (Cited in Thompson 2009 127) company also portrays values which are reflected in political policy and enforced in legislation, such as how individuals act within society, if individuals do not comply with societies norms they could be arrested, taken to court and issued an ASBO, however there are some values held by certain sections of society which cause the conquest of certain members of society such as people who claim benefits seen as work shy. (Warren 2007)Thompson (2007) states social workers need to understand communication can oppress individuals, to ensure communication is anti-oppressive and empowering social workers need to ensure they use appropriate communication skills to enable individuals to give their views through involvement in planning, developing and evaluating services resulting in a positive impact on individuals who engage and highlight any barriers which include issues of discrimination and oppression. Communication skills required await on the situation and individual e.g. using basic language for a child or adults with learning disabilities would differ to giving evidence in court where more professional langua ge is required (Trevithick 2005). social workers need an awareness of dustup including gestures, importees and understanding which may accompany them. The words a social worker uses can create relationships with individuals, precisely if the wrong words are chosen it can also have a negative impact on the individual, such as using large convoluted words with individuals could cause feelings of inadequacy and reduce engagement. Good communication involves the use of tone, timing, body language and choice of words which convey information and meaning to what needs to be communicated. Without clarity of purpose and language to describe what is being done social workers are not able to see clearly what individuals needs are and if intercessions are working. Thompson (2002) states verbal communication can be separated in to two different areas which are what is said and what is heard. Social workers need to be aware of the speed a conversation is conducted, if they spill to fast it can appear they are feeling angry or anxious which the individual may reflect, it can also be toughened to follow especially if the person has a hearing impairment or they are not speaking their first language. However if the social worker speaks to slowly it can portray the social worker is unmotivated, very overcautious or defensive. Hanley (2009) states having good communication skills is central to empowering and anti-oppressive practice.Social workers need to solicit a wide range of questions as part of interviews which have a wide range of functions including stimulating self-reflection and re bendinging individuals to their knowledge base where self-determination and empowerment can be located. Open questions enable service users to express their thoughts and feelings in their own words, in their own time, this type of questioning forms a major part of an initial interview, however some individuals feel frighten by this type of questions and might guess the answers. Clo sed questions are ordinarily answered by yes, no or short answers such as discern or age, this sort of question is good for fact finding, where time is check and keeping the individual focussed. However this type of questioning can ternary the service user away from what they perceive as the main issues conduct to frustration (Trevithick 2005). Thompson (2002) states empowering interviews are built on strengths to overcome weaknesses or turn weaknesses into strengths. Appropriate interviewing can make an important contribution to empowerment however inappropriate interviewing can cause great harm.Good listening skills are required in a variety of situations such as carrying out assessments, requiring the social worker not only listen to what someone says but how it is said, when they say it and if certain themes occur. Social workers need to create an environment promiscuous from distractions to enable the social worker to listen appropriately. Trevithick (2005) states social workers need to be able to listen to what is not being said which is referred to as a third ear, being aware of the wider social and cultural scope of the individual. By adopting a non-selective approach to listening the intention is to minimise the social workers bias and stereotypical assumptions and follows the lead of the individual to create an opportunity for change.Non-verbal communication accounts for two thirds of meaningful communication, there can be miscommunication between piths sent and what has been received. Egan (1982) suggests the mnemonic SOLER (Straight position, Open body, Leaning, Eye contact, Relaxed) as a model for non-verbal communication through body language (cited in Hanley 2009177). The body language of a social worker in relation to what is being said can be confusing if they do not convey the same message e.g. sitting slumped in a chair, avoiding eye contact while carrying out and assessment of need can be perceived as neutrality (Hanley 2009). Trev ithick (2005) suggests observational skills are important in understanding non-verbal interactions, enabling social workers to gain understanding of a situation. Observation skills can be used as a general or specific part of an intervention to gain an understanding of the environment as well as the individual. Koprowska (2005) states by using silence this can give people the opportunity to speak, but the social worker needs to appear to show interest in the individual to encourage them to fill the silence.Lishman (1994) states symbolic communication is important to practice, being punctual, reliability and attention to detail can show the social workers care, tie in and competence which can make the individual feel they are important. (cited in Trevithick 2005) The way a social worker dresses can also reflect something about the social worker and have a lot of influence on individuals depending on their age, culture and social standing. Returning phone calls can communicate a lot and can start or see to it creating a working relationship.Fanon (1967) states Language is a central aspect of intercourse through which power is reproduced and communicated (cited in Thompson 20075). Social workers have power through decision making and statutory powers, through using effective communication skills, knowledge of value bases and legislation social workers empower individuals to gain same power where appropriate. Social workers collaboratively work with individuals through sharing information, opinions and asking questions base on information and ideas of the individuals to ensure engagement is positive ensuring goals set are specific and achievable, empowering individuals to make positive changes within their lives.ReferencesAdams, R., Payne, M., Dominelli, L., (eds) (2009) Social Work themes, issues and exact debates, third edition. Hampshire Palgrave MacmillanCare Council for Wales (2011) Code of Practice for Social Care workers and Employers of Social Care W orkers. Cardiff. Care Council for Wales.Cree, V. and Myers, S. (2008) Social Work making a difference. Bristol form _or_ system of government PressGov.uk, Data Protection. Available from www.gov.uk accessed on 01/02/15Koprowska, J. (2005) Communication and Interpersonal skills in Social Work. Exeter Learning matters Ltd.Thompson, N. (2002) People Skills. Basingstoke PalgraveThompson, N. (2007) Power and Empowerment. Dorset Russell House Publishing Ltd.Thompson, N. (2009) consciousness Social Work, third edition. Hampshire Palgrave macmillanTrevithick, P. (2005) social work skills a practice handbook. coupled Kingdom Open University PressWelsh Government, Wales Accord on the Sharing of Personal Information (WASPI). Available from wales.gov.uk accessed on 13/02/15Warren, J. (2007) Service substance abuser and Carer Participation in Social Work. unite Kingdom Learning Matters LtdWilliams, C. (eds) (2011) Social Policy for Social Welfare Practice in a Devolved Wales. United Kingdom British Association of Social Workers

The Country Development: Nepal

The Country Development NepalShangri-La, the Kingdom of the Himalayas, Gateway to Everest. a couple of(prenominal) places on Earth are as desirelized in the due west as Nepal. Upon arriving in the ancient roof of Kathmandu, Nepal is very likely to effect your breath away. But this would be the smog fumes mixing with the chemic smell of city-urchins snorting glue, and not the view of the mountains. Particularly since the Himalayas pass water not been visible from the Kathmandu V alley for decades. Wiping away the rose hued glaze of utilise mystique , the Nepal that remains is star that grapples daily (beginning at five am, an hour later on the street dogs cease baying and an hour ahead the autorickshaws begin coughing) with a precipitately rush into the modern world whilst trying to actually develop on the way.Nepal is racecourse away from its past with heavy(p) determi realm and no destination. From 1996 to 2006 this running was often done at gunpoint. In February of 1 996, Maoist rebels launched an armed make do to replace Nepals penningal monarchy with a communist republic. Given Nepals endemic kinglike corruption, caste and cultural discrimination, deep rural poverty , and a confining total concentration of cause and wealth in the Valley, the Maoists call to rescript the nation resonated across the plains, the hills and the mountaintops, alter all segments of the Nepalese population. By the sequence that decade had run its course, 300 years of Nepalese monarchy was abolished and a communistic dominated parliamentary system was established. The Maoists introduced, often under duress, a pile of measures aimed at addressing centuries-old, deeply-rooted forms of discrimination. The long standing feudal-caste system was dismantled and in parallel, a representative form of governance was introduced. The Maoist period also brought great affable change as an embracing of ones ethnic identity was encouraged. For the origin period in mille nnia, gender roles were questioned as the insurgency actively promoted young-bearing(prenominal) involvement on the frontlines.A closer look at the Maoists friendly oratory of hope and glory reveals, as is often the case, that all is not well for social training in Nepal. After the cessation of study violence in late 2006, poverty mitigation programs became a core talking point in all the newly-established political parties agendas. so far, in union with about agenda goals in the Nepalese parliament, the key authorities halt short of the necessary strong mo engagementary commitment to both go across and monitor these programs. The social investment constitution neglects the development of human great(p) by passing up the chance to create opportunities for future social development. Considering the poor to non-existent results from both targeted regional programs and broad national endeavors, thus faraway all available data supports the assertion that government social p olicy has thus far failed to increase economic opportunities for Nepals poor. Another integral and highly divisive socioeconomic rejoinder that remains unsolved is the expansion of recitation programs, including the incorporation of former insurgent combatants into the military. Lastly, Kathmandu has been tepid at the better(p) of times in including conflict-ravaged populations into social and economic life. The question remains however, as to the state of the economy they are being reintroduced to.Even the or so implicit in(p) grasp of numbers grants an observer to comprehend the principle issue of the Nepalese economy. Agriculture. It has been the mainstay of the economy for millennia, and is now fatally out of step with the demands of the twenty-first century. Agriculture permits livelihood to approximately 80% of the population and accounts for most fractional of the provinces Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Geography has not been kind to the idea of farming , and solel y 16 percent of the total land is productive. plot of ground agriculture employs more than devil thirds of the people and takes up almost half of the GDP, Nepal has the lowest per capita arable land in the world.Food fruit in almost entirely confined in the south, in the minute swath of what was once jungle and is now flatlands that borders India known as the Terai. Cultivation in more mountainous regions (which is to say the other 84% of Nepal) is mostly for subsistence. The one-fifth five-year plan, beginning in 1975 was the first in which agriculture beyond preventing starving was given top priority. In order to increase agricultural production and diversify the farm base, the government began to focus on improving irrigation facilities, providing course credit to and encouraging farmer to use trade, high yielding varieties of seeds, fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides, etc. However the complete lack of a transportation system designed to bm quantities of food ( or anything else for that matter) stymied the government efforts. Nepal also suffered near-catastrophic environmental collapse in the eighties due to the absence of the requisite training in the aforementioned chemicals. The net result of these actions was that crop production grew at a dismal account of 2.4%, failing to keep pace with the population growth rate, which began at 2.6% per annum. The abjection and divergence would not be correct in the years before civil war broke out and but began being redressed in late 2008.In addition to agriculture, Nepal has a very limited industrial base that constitutes 20 per cent of the GDP. Most of those industries are agro-based industries like strain and tea. The majority of Nepals fledgling industrial base is dependent on imported raw materials, primarily from India. These manufactured goods are almost entirely littler scale, local cottage industries. In Nepal, the term capital goods is quite literal, as whatever intermediate or capi tal goods are produced are locked up (quite literally) on the eastern plains of the Terai or in Kathmandu. However, Kathmandu is only the capital as long Nepal remains both a nation and a state, and given the political climate that threatens to wash away both of those concepts, a closer look at the Nepali government is warranted.Politically, post-Maoist Nepal is defined by the fact that it is dependably unreliable. Indeed, Transparency International ranks Nepal 153th out of 180 in the organizations most recent Corruption Perception Index. This is reflected in the difficulties Nepal has had in authorship a constitution. After establishing an interim constitution in 2007, the Constituent meeting place (CA) was slated to draft a permanent constitution within in a year. In late may of 2012, the CA was dissolved having extended the constitution writing deadline four times without a constitution being written. The country is now cast into even deeper political and legal distrust. By Ma y of 2012, after squandering half a decade, the four major parties had begin together in compromise on almost all issues. The issue that sent fissures through the CA and ultimately broke the government was whether or not the country should be divided into federal states along ethnic lines, as opposed to the 14 administrative zones, done for purely bureaucratic reasons that presently exist. Baburam Bhattarai , the current prime minister, has called for a new CA to be elected on November 22nd 2012. Effectively, this election stands to be a vote on the polarizing and highly volatile issue of ethnic federalism. Much of this uncertainty stems from the fact that in the span of 20 years, Nepal has gone from centuries of absolute monarchy, to a parliamentary monarchy, to anarchic civil war followed then by a tottering federal republic. Gazing across the myriad of social, economic and political concerns that continue Nepal in cynicism, it is easy, far too easy, to not know what needs to b e rectified first. The paramount concerns for Nepal are the development and sustaining of transportation radix and power systems. From these two, all else flows. The significance of the dexterity to move and the power needed to provide that mobility is impossible to overstate.According to the World Bank, the ratio of Nepals road area to population and total area is one of the lowest in the world. While grownup trucks clog all three of Nepals paved highways, they invariably have one of three destinations Kathmandu, India or to a lesser extent, China. For the vast majority of the country, the most commonly used method of transportation is by porters with pack animals. It is almost blindingly simple, but it cannot be stressed enough, touring cars, locals, potatoes, rice, bottled water, generators, medicines, troops , ideas, chickens, bricks, pipes, computers, aid workers, anything that can be used for development must first get to its location. As mentioned previously, Nepal has on ly three highways, constituting almost 90% of the countrys paved roads. The highway system (a watchword used in the most generous of terms) should be domestic infrastructure but is in fact anything but. The southern highway was built with Indian rupees for Indian gain, the northern highway built with Chinese renminbi for China to be able to drive tanks through Nepal should it need to invade India (its commonly nicknamed the two tank road among Nepalis) and the middle highway was constructed between Kathmandu and the tourist city of Pokhara, making it the only highway with both its terminus in-country It is meaning(a) to note that all three of these highways, are by curse of topography, narrow two lane constructions. What this means in practical terms is that Maoist strikes, known as bandh are a powerful flexing of political power, affecting millions and causing massive disruptions to development. A key component of a bandh is closedown the highway (used in the singular in Nepal), a task scatty in logistic difficulties and ways of circumventing it. The lack of transportation systems breeds political uncertainty, and discourages economic invests both foreign and domestic. Intertwined with problems of movement is the issue of how to power that movement.Nepal is a nation left in the dark. Power generation, primarily electrical is the bedrock of development that must be established in tandem with transportation if Nepal is to have any chance of a brighter tomorrow. It is important to note that 63 percent of Nepalese households lack access to electricity and depend on valuable oil-based generators or simple forgo power altogether. Unlike Nepals lack of arable land, the country is not deficient in economically exploitable hydroelectric power. The properly Himalayan mountains flow into thousands of equally mighty rivers. However, the hydroelectric potential of Nepal is rivaled only by its lack of hydroelectric power. According to USAID, the currently exploitable power stands at 83,000 megawatts (MW), but only 650MW have been developed. Nepal has but one all-season hydroelectric plant, with the ability to store energy generated during the summer monsoon for use during the rest of the year. This is of monumental grandeur as the other hydroelectric stations are at the leniency of water levels. With winter being the sun-lacking dry season, it is at precisely the time when demand for lighting and heating is highest that power cuts are at their most crippling. Across the country, winter time power cuts are routinely 10-14 hours a day but can be for as long as 16 hours, with 18 hours being relatively uncommon. Lastly, this electrical rationing is called freightage shedding and is intimately connected with the countrys political corruption. Allegations of mismanagement concerning the electricity crisis, implement by 16 hours without power a day, have been launched at all levels of the Nepal Electricity Authority. Because a considerable amount o f electricity has been sold to India and China, because league deals with foreign investors have been signed and then ignored for over a decade, because the country burns in the summer and freezes in the winter, the NEA has been accused of general corruption and misappropriation of finances.In summary, it is perhaps an adage from antiquity that encapsulates Nepali development best. Festina lente. Make haste, slowly. The confluence of urgency tempered by sedulousness and deliberation catalyzed by the needs of the people is what will ultimately allow Nepalis from all walks of life to feel as the tourists do, amazed at how rightfully wonderful the roof of the world is.

Corruption Among Nations

putre incidention Among NationsAgendaKautilyas Arthashastra decadence in Ancient capital of Italy and capital of GreeceWhy degeneracy has rick a upright problem present tense?-argumentsVariations among nationsDefinition of CorruptionThe nigh wide-spread definition of crossion is the one suppose by the World Bank the ill-treatment of overt condition for hugger-mugger amplification. Corruption is a complex phenomenon that encloses disparate types of unfair manner and non al counsels associated with demoralises.For instance, a mankind employee pretending to be sick goes on vacation at that placeby abusing his public built in bed for personal benefit or a president of a country who builds an airport in his lessened hometown is to a fault engaged in subversive activity that doesnt involve the stipend of bribes.Through prohibited history great thinkers and politicians adjudge recognized decadence as a mysterious and complex phenomenon. The complexity of the problem is proved by the concomitant that corruption in various turns takes place in e actually sphere of activity promotes illegality, injustice, waste, inefficiency in administrative conduct destroys the moral frame drop dead of society, ruins the faith of throng in the legitimacy of politico-administrative set up.Besides the fact that corruption encloses unethical business practices through the unfair way to attain expediency over ill-tempered good or service, it is a serious problem harming moral values of people. The give inment of bribes, nepotism and other forms require cunning and dissimilation. It is brotherlyly irresponsible, as it discriminates the rights of poor people who be unable to pay bribes for obtaining particular good or service.Corruption has been recognized as a general disease for the body politic to be common as in modern, as in quaint ms as well. Indeed, this aberrant behavior provoked great adjoins of such(prenominal) famous political thinkers as Kau tilya, Aristotle, Cicero, Xenophon and others.1.Corruption in Ancient Athens and RomeCorruption in antiquated world is first discovered in an archive listing the label of employees accepting bribes at the administrative centres of the antique Assyrian empire 3400 years ago. In antediluvian patriarch Greece and Rome very often corrupt behavior was tall(prenominal) to identify, as the same borders were applied to bribes and gifts (doron, lemma, chresmasi peithein). match to Claire Taylors enceinte work Greece and Rome, every level of Athenian politics was riddle with corruption, from the most important orators to the smallest deme picks.Political CorruptionBoth antique Rome and Athens had large highly developed bureaucracies and at the same time with certain opportunities for abuse. Corruption has been considered to be one of the basic causes of the collapse of the devoted Roman Empire.One of the most famous cases of corruption happened in the initiatory cen. BC. The Roman r egulator of Sicily was prosecuted by Cicero for the acts of abuse of power. harmonize to specific diachronic sources, he bought at first his praetorship and afterwards his governorship. His pervert behavior and ill-use of power ruined Sicily, one of the richest provinces at that time that in dig caused Sicilians great frustration with the government and the formation of mafia. One of the plots of Verress abuse of power was to name non-existent slaves. He used to blame the landowners for hiding slaves surmise in rebellion organization. If the owner couldnt produce the slave (whom he actually didnt own), upon Verress order the accused was sent to prison house and kept there until a bribe was salaried for his release.The factors contri besidesing to corruption in ancient times were both of political and legal amateurism. concord to the complaint of Plato, public officials are bribe-takers and money-lovers. scorn the fact that the abuse of public power has been always considere d a serious crime, the corrupt behaviour of public officials in ancient times may be explained not and on the basis of the love of money but as a professional necessity.The lure to make lowcover gains was particularly caused by the fact that most magistrates, for instance, in ancient Greece after 411BC were not paid salaries for their service. The members of the boule may have received small state income (mithos). Because of low-to-nonexistent payments politicians had to care or so their considerable expences themselves. Politicians needed money for gathering nurture for macrocosm decent informed entertain subordinates and pay bailiffs for running their farms while they worked for the state.It is consequently just surprising that some public officials reliable bribes and gifts for supplementing their income. However, the result of the misuse of power had a devastating effect on social order that therefore provoked great concern of many a(prenominal) famous ancient orator s and writers in ancient Rome and Greece.In Politics Aristotle states that a tyrant has no regard to public interest except of as conducive to his secret ends of pleasure. With regard to public officials, Aristotle considered them to have public duty and private interest is harmed when they use the office for their own private ends. The ideal form of government is the one that governs with the view of common interest.Ancient Athenians were sooner lovesome to the misuse of public resources and when detected, the act of corruption was punished severely.In his Laws Plato states that corrupt officials were punished by the overtaking of citizenship and the right to take part in the political institutions of the city-state.According to the Athenian orator Demosthenes (384-322 BC), a person who accepts a bribe from another or himself offers it to another, or corrupts anyone by promises, to the detriment of the people in general, or if any various(prenominal) citizen, by any gist or de vice, whatsoever, he shall be disfranchised together with his children, and his property impart be confiscated.In fact, Demosthenes himself was found guilty of accepting bribes. In 324 BC he was fined 50 talents that equals $20 million in todays dollars. He dour out to be comparatively lucky when he went into exile, while other Athenian officials were frequently severely executed for graft.According to the Law of the Twelve Tables that formed the centerpiece of the Roman Republic constitution, there was imposed a death penalty on the judges who accepted bribes. The punishment was eased after the rise of the Roman empire (27 BC476 AD).Electoral CorruptionAs a paragon of civilizedization, Rome be a major centre where corruption took place. Following the Greek historian Polybius (200-118 BC), to the Romans nothing is more(prenominal) disgraceful than to receive bribes or to seek gain by improper means. This estimation sounds quite optimistic, however in reality, compared to Athen s, electoral bribery (ambitus) was a much more serious problem in ancient Rome. For instance, Julius Caesar won the office of Pontifex Maximus through bribery.Electoral bribery turned into such a common event that it gave rise to the profession of bribe distributors called divisores. In this case, Cicero proposed the establishment of particular laws for electoral corruption taproom delimit the amount political elites could spend on gifts and entertainment aimed to influence election results.Extortion and embezzlementReports on extortion in ancient history are very frequent. For instance, Marcus Aemilius Scaurus(163 BC 89 BC) aRoman consul was accused of extortions while be a governor of Sardinia and Corsica.Army was not the exception. The representative of the Sophist school Libanius (341-392 AD) in his delivery proposed the emperor Theodosius to enforce laws against soldiers who used to extort money from the inhabitants of the colonies and then in turn applied the acquitted a mount in military egis to oppress neighbours. In Luke 3 John the Baptist exhort the tax-collectors to collect no more that is appointed to you. With regard to Roman army, he instructs the soldiers to be nub with the wages and give up extorting money from civilians by violence.Bribe or gift?It was quite infeasible to get anything done unless one produced a present. Politicians could be paid to do anything or nothing.Thycydides (460 c. 395 BC)Bribes performed a fundamental role in the everyday life both in ancient Rome and Athens. Bribes could decide the matters of war and peace, movement of armies, destruction and the fate of the square nations as well.There were even formed particular associations for extortion. The long-term consequences of bribery became particularly noticeable in the sixties and fifties BC. Bribery caused monetary and correspondingly political instability as well as loss of faith in constitution and rule of law. This outcome is considered to have contribut ed to the civil war.The distinction in the midst of bribe and gift was quite unstable. In ancient Rome the notion of gratia meant the expression of gratitude. It represented particular gifts, donations and hospitality provided to a socially dominant person by a client. In ancient Greece the same role was attributed to gift called dora that at the same time meant bribe. The term dorokein meant receiving bribes, while dorokia stood for political corruption.If there was made no distinction between gifts and bribes, it therefore points to the estimation that the provision of bribes was a part of social behavior and expression of solidarity and gratitude.2. Kautilyas ArthashastraThe temptation to make private gains has always existed and unfortunately stubt be totally eliminated. However, the level of corruption evict be monitored with particular anti-corrupt tools that may sometimes move economy close-hauled to the level of complete transparency.Corruption should be examined first of all as an essential feature of a unsealed human nature.Men are naturally fickle minded and are compared to horses who exhibit constant change in their temper.Kautilya (370-283 BC)One of the most prominent political figures of ancient times, the professor of economics and political sciences at the ancient Takshashila University and the royal advisor, Kautilya (Chanakya or Vishnu Gupta), also examined corruption as a major threat to economics and social order. Kautilya played a significant role in the establishment of the Maurya Empire, the first empire in the archeologically recorded history for the ruling of the most Indian subcontinent. Being a chief advisor to both Chandragupta (340-298 BC) and Bindusara (320-272 BC), he dealt with the issues on politics, social order, diplomacy, war and ethics. The widespread character of corruption at various levels of the Kingdoms face prompted Kautilya to establish an elaborated diplomatic negotiations Arthashastra that describes what a state ought to be and not what it really was. One should crack that the norms of how to handle the problem are prescribed when particular disorder and abnormalities exist.Arthashastra, being considered as an elaborated statecraft that discusses monetary and fiscal policies, the art of supranational relations and war strategies, encloses valuable advice on how to handle and fight against corruption.According to Kautilya, honesty is not the virtue that would remain consistent lifelong and the temptation to make easy gains through corrupt means can revolutionise the trait of honesty any time.The identification of corruption with the notion of temptation is clearly proved by the comparison of the revenue collection physical process (by officials) with the honey or poison on the tip of the tongue that is impossible not to taste.As nowadays, as in ancient times corruption is so obvious and yet so mysterious. Kautilya expressed great concern on the difficulty of the sleuthing of corr uption. He compared embezzlers to fish moving under water and the impossibility to detect when exactly the fish was drinking water.Corruption in public sector and the tools to fight against itKautilya stated that the increase in expenditures and lower revenue is an indicator of embezzlement and extortion in the government. Being an ancient statecraft, Arthashastra represents elaborated guidelines that may be applied in dealing with corruption even nowadays.Kautilya considered corruption, first of all, as a phenomenon deriving from a changeable human nature. On the basis of this assessment, the process of fighting against corruption must begin from the employee recruitment level.Employee recruitmentIn Mauryan Empire (322-185BC) superintendents were the highest officials, who received their position on the basis of ministerial qualifications, as well as individual capacity. Educational background, work experience and particular skills gave particular advantage to a candidate during t he selection process. However, no less tending was paid to the right kind of aptitude for the position traits of honesty and the level of impartiality. Despite such thorough selection process, corrupt persons still made their way into the organization however, other efficient tools were applied for the detection and prevention of corruption. dealing among co-workersKautilya considered efficient team work to be the key for victor. There were, however, particular impediments, like too much personal interactions among the higher executives, and co-workers that led to via media and consequently corruption. Kautilya explained that human emotions and personal concerns impeded the successful running of an administration that is, first of all, a rule-based impersonal affair. Besides, different vision of particular issues also harmed the team spirit. Kautilya suggested stimulation of professionalism at work superintendents must execute work with the employees following subordination syste m. Kautilya was certain that such model would stimulate the reek of belonging of employees to particular department, clearly identify their rights and obligations and therefore contribute to success of the state.Work period shorteningAnother measure for corruption prevention was the suggestion to make several positions in each department temporary. monthly transfer of government officials from one position to another was implemented with the excogitation of not giving enough time for the officials to pick holes in the system and misuse their advantages.Whistleblowers contributionWhistle blowing has remained one of the most efficient tools in corruption detection process. Kautilya made particular emphasis on the magnificence of informants (suchaka) activity for exposing embezzlement or some deviant behavior. If the whistleblower was a government servant, he was given one twelfth of the bribe or the extorted amount. While, if the informant was from outside the system, he was entit led the award of one-sixth of the amount. The latter(prenominal)s share was more, as the detection of corruption while being outside the system was rather more challenging.Corruption NowadaysThe Arthashstra of Kautilya convincingly confirms the fact that corruption is not the exclusive feature of contemporary world. It represents a piece of prehistoric heritage that has survived through centuries. Governments of all historical eras have recognized the devastating effect of this phenomenon on the political system, security and social order. Globalization has stimulated the spread of corruption all over the globe. As a result, nowadays corruption is a world-scale problem that in grant is recognized as a major threat to world(prenominal)s security. However, before discussing the commutation point of the research, it is necessary to understand why corruption is paid so much attention now? Is it because there was more corruption in the past than in the present? Is it because more atten tion is paid to the phenomenon that has existed for ages but has been partially or completely ignored? The answer is still not obvious however there are several arguments that describe why corruption is attracting more attention now than in the past.First, the end of the nippy War stopped the political hypocrisy giving the opportunity to many decision makers in industrial countries to ignore political corruption, e.g. Zaire.Second, the lack of information and the ignorance of the abuse of power didnt give the possibility for corruption detection in centrally-planned economy. It is now widely known that the central planned economies, such as the USSR or those imitating them experienced high rate of political corruption. However, the cases of deviant behavior and the abuse of public power was either ignored or not properly reported.Third, the emergence of new democratic governments in late years, as well as free and active media have contributed to the fundament of a new environmen t where discussion of corruption is no interminable forbidden.Forth, the process of globalization has stimulated closer and frequent contacts between individuals from different countries those from the countries with the high rate of transparency with those from the countries where corruption widespread. These contacts have increased the attention towards corruption.Fifth, the emergences of nongovernmental organizations, such as Transparency International, as well as a growing interest in the problem from the side of other international organizations have contributed to the anti-corrupt movements in many countries. Besides, numerous empirical studies have contributed to greater awareness of the problem.Sixth, market economy has created an environment where the pursuit of efficiency has become much more important and distortions caused by corruption attract more attention.Finally, the influence of the US in many international institutions has been very important. American policy mak ers have stated that American exporters have lost out in unusual trade due to the prohibition to pay bribes to foreign trade partners. For American officials, the payment of bribes is a criminal act and bribes cant be deducted as cost for tax purposes. The case of OECD was quite different from the USs model of behavior. However, under the sponsorship of the OECD situation has noticeably changed.

Trinidad And Tobago By World War II History Essay

Trinidad And Tobago By realness contend II Hi grade Es judge sphere contend 2, overly known as the Second realism War was the superst and most violent armed conflict in hi tale which lasted for untold(prenominal) than sextette age from 1939 to 1945, which produced approximately 50 million deaths. This fight tortuous the most countries comp ard to all early(a) fightfare and introduced many weapons and ended with the archetypal use of nuclear weapons. It began in Europe on family 1st, 1939 when the Germans invaded Poland without any formal declaration, while Britain and France as allies formally declared fight on Germany and the latter was aided by Italy and Japan. However in the early 1930s, the fight began earlier with Japanese interventions in China. In Europe the war ended on whitethorn 8th 1945 with Germany surrendering and in Asia on kinsfolk 2nd, 1945 when the Japan officially surrendered.The subroutine of this paper is to critique the view that realness W ar II ushered in radical changes in Trinidad and Tobago, startlely I provided a brief history of World War II and how Trinidad became by of it. Lastly I discussed the well-disposed, understructure, economic and cultural changes it brought in Trinidad and Tobago. The research method employed in this paper was a form of non-experiwork forcetal research as secondary data was collected in identify to evaluate the changes World War II to brought to Trinidad and Tobago. In carrying out this research, a major restriction was that information on the research topic was non easily on tap(predicate) both on the internet and libraries and it is therefore recommended schools and national libraries encompass more resources on Trinidad and Tobagos history.History of World War IIOn September 1st, 1939 Adolf Hitler and his German Nazis invadedPoland and attacked from their battle ship. The Germans were equipped with a substantial and well-organized general and soldiers make Poland to sur render. In turn the next day Britain and France formally declared war against Germany and swore their allegiance as a result of defending democracy. Germany was later on joined by Japan and Italy to suppress the rest of the world, they were known as the Axis powers. Against them were the allies the linked Kingdom, France and many others that came later. The unify Stated of the States remained neutral with the passage of the Neutrality Act of 1937, making it unlawful for the joined States to trade with combative groups. However on December 7, 1941, the Japanese attacked the American menage of Pearl Harbor in the Hawaii islands thereby the Americans entered into war against the Axis.The get together States of American was determined to restrain the Axis powers with their massive economic resources and in the end won the war for the Allies and collapsed the Axis powers. The Germans surrendered to the linked States of America and their allied forces and the war in Europe was over a nd a couple calendar months after Japan surrendered after attacking Hiroshima and Nagasaki. In order for United Stated of America to defeat the Axis powers, they outsourced countries to set up tie-up, Trinidad was on of them in which had a major mend on the sylvan socially, culturally, economically and racially. World War II today continues to receive much interest as it leave many political, social and military implications throughout the World.Trinidad and World War IITrinidad played an important role in the Allied war effort, in doing so World War II had a significant impact on the social, economic, racial and cultural breeding of Trinidad. On September 2, 1940, honorablely a year after the World War II began, British government, Prime Minister Winston Churchill agreed to forfeit the United States of America military to ratify and operate etymons in around(prenominal) British Caribbean territories. On October, 10 1940, a memorandum was sent to the regulator of Trinida d and Tobago by Admiral John W. Greenslade of the United States of America stating his visit to Trinidad for the purpose of investigating the location and facilities to be leased to the United States of America for oceanic and air shells and army establishments. The memorandum included the request for location near shore, areas for defence, training, and storage of supplies, hospitalization, arrive fields, and fleet anchorage. The Governor of Trinidad and Tobago, Sir Hubert Young along with his advisors Mr. Grinnell and Mr. beard questioned a morsel of facilities requested by the United States and proposed an alternative site, the Caroni Swamp. The United Stated engineer, Commander Bragg, tell that the current state of the Caroni Swamp at the magazine was unfeasible for military intent and would take fifteen geezerhood to drain and construct to meet the requirement for the military use. In addition Governor Young was aware that the local population would resent the appraisa l of using North western Peninsula and as a result stool friction, barely the United States government were adamant on setting up their rootages on Wallerfield / Sangre Grande and Chagaramas.The British Government and the United States of America agreed on a Bases for Destroyers Agreement in which the United States was granted British islands to establish their naval or air institutions on ninety-nine year drop leases on the Newfoundland, Eastern side of the Bahamas, Southern coast of Jamaica, Western apostrophize of St. Lucia, West coast of Trinidad, Antigua and British Guiana in exchange for fifty destroyers which was similarly referred to as the flush-deck destroyers or the four-pipers. In Trinidad the North West Peninsula including the Five Island in Chaguaramas (See Appendix A) and Waller field were leased to the United States for naval and air bagful, this resulted in the removal of North West Peninsula residents.Britains motive for accounting entry into the bases fo r destroyers agreement was an tone-beginning both to strengthen its forces and to enlist the United States in the defense of its compound territories. British Prime Minister Churchill cautioned American President Franklin D. Roosevelt that if Britain was defeated, its colonial islands termination to America could become as threat to America if they became German territory. wherefore the United States of America was initially a neutral party during the first two years of the war and their aim for the deal was made not moreover to better the Allies chances against the Axis unless also to insure that no other European power gained a stronghold in the Americas.Trinidad was the assembly point for the vital oil tankers the governments political alliance with the United States did not directly put at the country at bump however the structure of the American bases had a remarkable socio-economic impact on the country. According to Brereton, Trinidad played the following significant roles during the war in serveing the United States it was the convoy-assembly point transmitting tankers from the Caribbean oil ports across the Atlantic to North Africa and Europe, second the Gulf of Paria was used by US carriers and airplanes for their final exercises before freeing to the Pacific Battleground via the Panama Canal. Thirdly planes for the Eighth Army in North Africa were ferried through Trinidad and lastly vessels and civilian planes from South America had to free at Trinidad for clearance to proceed to North America and European destinations (Brereton, 1982). economical ChangesThe American Base in Trinidad had a number of domineering and electronegative effects on the countrys economy, infrastructure, social and cultural aspects, each one allow for be discussed separately. Locals were thrilled by the opportunities in which the American Base would bring, match to Neptune (1970) both Indo-Trinidadian cane cutters and Afro-Trinidadian domestic servants were re ady take advantage of what they pass judgment to be more remunerative U.S. employers. He made reference to Ralph De Boissiers left wing over(p) and Coco Cola narration the rosiest illusions about the chances awaiting them. (Neptune, 1970). At the same time planters were disgruntled since they believed campaigners would abandon the state to dress on the American base.To assist the planters, Governor Young consulted the American authorities to implement the prevailing stipend constitution in which they agreed to adhere to the local pay overcome that preceded their arrival in the colony, Trinidad employers were pleased however browseers were disappointed (Neptune, 1970). In May 1942, the Americans requested authorization from the Trinidad Governor to increase wages, stating it was necessary to acquire base labour. According to Neptune, some ignored the colonial administration by paying(a) unskilled and semiskilled labourers the rates of a skilled worker.There were a number of major positive effects of the American base in Trinidad. According to Neptune although the base did not offer high wagers as workers pass judgment the Yankee in which locals referred the Americans as enticed the locals to work on the American base as the American boss were rewarding, they offered overtime and holiday bonus. The American base employed more that 15,000 workers in formal positions within six months of construction of the base, the number working informally from show-shine boys to portraits artist was incalculable. The number of employees rose to 25,000 six months later including clerks, teachers and policeman. Neptune went on to say where trained teachers had a salary of $30 a month, they made between $80 and a $150 horses per month clerking for Americans. In addition in 1940 scarce 5 officers left the service , where as in 1941 a total of 21 left and for the first two months of 1942 the figure had already reached 24 (Neptune, 1970). The construction of the American base created a large opportunity of employment for the locals According to Brereton, 1982 between 15 and 20 dole out of the labor force were employed on the American base. The wages increase thereby increased rural-urban migration causing a shortfall of country labor as sugar employment dropped from 30,000 in 1939 to 18,000 in 1943 (Brereton, 1982).World War II resulted in a drawn-out trade around the world and thereby changed growthion in Trinidad and Tobago, agricultural exports decreased. According to the Library of Congress, 1987 during the 1950s, agri kitchen-gardenings share of total output dropped from 17 to 12 percent Trinidad and Tobago was a crown colony and therefore it served as a market for British products. According to Horne (2003) a large number of foods was merchandise along with books, fabrics, footwear, equipment and tools. Furthermore the Americans occupied agricultural areas such as Valencia which provided fruits vegetables and carenage for seek however German submarines invaded the waters during the war and ships were torpedoed causing a shortage in food. This led to a hot system of retailing lean and crops and the cost of living rose.On the contrary, the oil industry experienced a boom, according to the Library of Congress (1987), the real gross domestic product increased an average of 8.5 percent annually from 1951 to 1961 and growth averaged 10 percent annually from 1956 to 1961. The real per capita income increased 15 percent. Oil, construction, and manufacturing emerged as dominant industrial sectors. In 1956 a United States oil company, Texaco, entered Trinidad and Tobago and consolidated several holdings of other companies. Oil production jumped from under 60,000 lay per day prior to 1950 to 80,000 barrels per day toward the end of the decade. In addition, the price of oil continued to rise, allowing for increased oil earnings and growing government revenues (Library of Congress, 1987).Prior to the Americans in Trinidad , more than 10,000 pitiful women were employed in domestic work, by teenage years girls had already mastered cooking, cleaning, ironing, and laundering. According to Neptune domestic work accounted for 36% of the islands wages-earning females in the 1930s however these women endured terrible working conditions in which they worked from dawn boulder clay late night for $4 to $10 dollar. In the midst of American arrival where no prevailing wages insurance policy, they offered higher rates than the British and thereby servants began deserting the British colonial employers. According to Neptune, the colonys housewives were in a fury causing social friction between Americans and understaffed Trinidadians. However it drove chisel the administration to establish a vocational education committee to negociate the training of domestic workers to improve the dispute between servants and their employers. The American base also brought on a spending economy where there was a boost in the s ervices such as hotels, bars and nonaged businesses.The American base in Trinidad also brought on negative effects on the economy, according to Horne (2003) the government of Trinidad and Tobago incurred a number of expense during the point of the American Base. The government had to maintain and upkeep the roads used freely by the American official vehicles stationed at the bases, because the agreement exempt from authorize and registration fees. Secondly the government had to maintain the airport and nutrition cost increased due to the damage to the runaways from heavy military planes. Thirdly the landing and parking fees of the aircraft were free, moreover Trinidad revenue suffer since the government lost 1 million dollars in revenue from excise duties through the delivery at each Base of 10 million gallons of gasoline, 1 million gallons of kerosine duty free( Horne, 2003).InfrastructureThe building of the American base launched extensive infrastructure projects for example construction of better roads, causing construction to more than look-alike in over ten years. The American Navy Construction group constructed road to Maracas Bay as compensation for the loss of North West Peninsula (Brereton, 1982) Manufacturings output, encouraged by generous fiscal incentives since 1950, also increased rapidly, although its share of gross domestic product rose from 11 to 13 percent. (Library of Congress, 1987). civilisationThe American culture also impacted on Trinidad such as their dress mode in which locals look up to and adopted. According to Harvey Neptune in November 1939, a small number of Port of Spain office workers issued a plea for tankful dressing their request was ignored until the arrival of the Americans. On September 16 1941, a policy was created declaring coat, tie and long pants optional work wear and the acceptance of open neck shirts and short pants. Neptune stated that the some expressed grief, saying it was a breakdown of metre respectab ility and policy for dress reform showed the government supported social disorder. A number of amateurs who were committed to the British dress style protested against the governments decision, a Port of Spain work and city deputy, Leo Pujadas, expressed his anger with the dress reform policy saying it was a drastic change and would weaken the social standard of traditional dress.The dress reform was linked to the Yankee culture, in which they would go to church wearing short-sleeved shirts that was out of their pants and no coats. According to Neptune, Pujadas viewed that it was a way of emulating the irresponsible Americans and hoped that Trinidadians continued to adopt the Europeans fashion style. Another critic expressed his view that with the dress reform concourse would not be able to distinguish the lads from the grownups and others saw it as a decline of culture (Neptune, 1970). In today society, Trinidadians dress code is unconventional and westernized this is dated cov ering from World War II and has become prominent with easier access to westernized culture particularly the United States of America.Social ChangesThe American base did not only trigger drastic economical and infrastructural changes in Trinidad, it also generated substantial social transformation. Traditionally women who bears a child out of wedlock was looked down on, however to the people who came to work on the bases held that position that a young adult female did not have to wait till marriage to carry a child. Secondly with the large number of American soldiers entering the country, prostitution became prominent, and brothels were constructed nearby the base. Calypso in Trinidad was a medium of story telling events in the society, Calypsonians during this time sang about the increase of prostitution with the building of the American base. Lord Invaders song, Rum and Coca Cola (See Appendix B) in 1943 announced women in Trinidad working for American money which referred to the rattling(a) increase in Trinidadian women who were making their living as prostitutes with American soldiers as their clients. His lyrics stated If a Yankee comes to Trinidad, they got the young girls all going mad, Young girls say they treat them nice and Both mother and daughter, Working for the Yankee dollar (ITZCaribbean, 2004). These lyrics illustrate the locals referring the American soldiers as Yankees, and it talks about women working for American soldiers referring to prostitution. In 1945, an American group called the Andrews Sisters sang over the song which became a hit in the United States.In 1956, another calypsonian known as The Mighty true sparrow released a song called Jean and Dinah (See Appendix C) also proclaiming prostitution during and after the closing of the American base. His words were Well the girls in town feeling bad, No more Yankees in Trinidad. They going to adjacent down the base for good, Them girls have to make out how they could and So when you kick up Jean and Dinah, Rosita and Clementina, round the corner posing, Bet your manners is something they selling, And if you catch them, You can get them all for nothing, Dont make no row, the Yankees gone, Sparrow take over now (elyrics, 2000)Again in sparrow lyrics American soldiers are referred to as Yankees, in addition he spoke about the large scale prostitution that the bases once supported and the desperation of these prostitutes following the resoluteness of several American military basesin Trinidad in the post war period.The American base did not only bring social issues to Trinidad but musicians were able to create music from American materials, according to Horne (2003) when the British captured Trinidad from Spain the carnival festival was allowed to continue. Musicians at the time of poor areas used dry bamboo sticks as percussion instruments to accompany their parades however these illegal. With World War II and the entering of the Americans in Trinidad who brou ght fifty-five gallon steal oil drums, the Trinidadian musicians extemporary and used these drums. They made dents, various cavities such as depth and modify as well as different sizes which produced various musical sounds and scales. Musicians were poor and no formal musical training however they were able to organize and memorize the musical notes, thus the steel band was born (Horne, 2003). nowadays steel band is very popular and developed not only in Trinidad and Caribbean Islands but it is known throughout the worldAnother impact of the American base in Trinidad was the locals view on the American status. Trinidadians were not only attracted to the wages offered by the Americans, locals were in elated of the American watch towards the base, Locals drawn towards the American base because of the adventure of the employment in which the base offered. According to Neptune working for Americans presented the opportunity to participate in an exciting new world and the desire for liberty and novelty by young people were satisfied by working on the base. Neptune referenced Samuel Selvons, A Brighter Sun, a story in about an Indo-Trinidadian called Bunsee become comically pompous and ideate himself as a man of prestige because had an office job with the Americans. The story demonstrated how American employment satisfied ambitions for progress into a red-brick world. Neptune also made reference to V.S Naipuals Miguel Street demonstrating the downside of the America base, in which the story talk about a character Hat, who appreciated that the American base was not here forever and it would not be smart to tumble up their jobs. Neptune also stated that other locals stayed away because base work was not in harmony with traditional concept of respectability (Neptune, 1970).The American base also brought crime and violence, during the American stay in Trinidad, the governor allowed the entry of Barbados immigrants to work for the Americans, In March 1942, a tota lly of 2,000 laborers came to Trinidad to work for the American at a rate of $1.19 (Neptune, 1970), with this the Americans layed off over a hundred locals thereby causing antagonism towards the Barbadians by the locals. On April 3, 1942, a group of Barbadians workers attacked and injured a number of locals at the Arima Princess cinema. The U.S authorities in an attempt to keep peace among the locals and issued a public notice stating that Barbadians were not the reason for the laying off the locals however the British sent home the Barbados workers to reduce the risk of violence. Secondly, racial tension emerged locals were aggravated with American men since women were lured to them and would prostitute themselves. American were seen as superior by locals since they earned enormous amounts of money, in addition, their fashion and language were all factors that the locals admired.ConclusionWorld War II profoundly transformed the economy and society of Trinidad and Tobago as an afte rmath of the Base for Destroyers Agreement between the United States of America and Britain. Both positive and negative effects of the American base were evident. The American base in Trinidad made immense changes in the trade industry in which gardening decreased and oil boomed. A large number of employment opportunities were created on the base as well as increased wages for workers on the base as well as domestic workers. The American base created the rise in prostitution and violence however it also created education of steel pan, according to Brereton (1982) it dismissed the myths of white supremacy as they, too, performed manual of arms labor and consumed their earnings alongside Trinidadians. Brereton also went on to state that the bearing of the United States helped prepare the country for the new era of mass electoral political (Brereton, 1982). The Americans in Trinidad also influenced the locals style of fashion locals also admired the American competence, technological advancement and status. Although the government suffered revenue due to maintenance of road and airports, the beneficial influence the American had on Trinidad was much greater.

The Concept Of Sustainability In The Hotel Industry Tourism Essay

The Concept Of Sustainability In The Hotel Industry tourism EssayOver the years, sustainability and environmental tailors make water gained signifi lavt attention in cordial reception, tourism and precaution projects. Across the fast ground, discussions on sustainable development including that of cordial reception pains atomic depend 18 ongoing in fact the cordial reception pains is fetching a serious note of it.This chapter discusses on issues, quarrels and cut offs that cordial reception application is facing and might face in the coming years ahead. Eco dissolverable Approach and the top issues that might influence the global hospitality labor in the coming years ahead including sustainable development, calls for verdancy hospitality, tire out toll, multicultural issues and spicyer facts of life atomic play 18 interpreted actively. Latest Trends in the hospitality, ways to enhance thickening experience in hospitality and leaf node expectations to c ommon land initiatives shall be discussed. Further, the aspects pertaining to guest packs for sustainable products services shall be covered. depict words sustainable Issues Challenges Trends cordial reception Industry7.2 Sustainability, touristry cordial receptionThe idea of sustainable development was initially taken in the context of the amicable indicators and thereafter expanded to address the environmental indicators. The World Commission on Environment and developing (The Brundtland Commission) popularised the theory of sustainable development in 1987. We whitethorn define sustainable development as Development that meets the packs of the rescue without compromising the ability of prox propagations to meet their own drives. World touristry Organisation (UNWTO) has menti sensationd that sustainable tourism development meets the inevitably of present tourists and phalanx regions, while protecting and enhancing opportunities for the future. It is envisaged as leading to centering of all mental imagerys in such a way that economicalal, social and aesthetic needs coffin nail be fulfilled, while maintaining cultural integrity, essential ecological carry throughes, biological diversity and life support systems.The dimensions of sustainability encompasses of fol pocket-sizeding elementscompetence forethoughteco-efficiencyfinancial managementinnovationsopeproportionnal performanceproduct performance.stakeholder management andsustainable managementSustainability practices argon becoming more and more common and the issues concerning to sustainability have farm an essential persona of the social and political discussions in most of the countries. These geezerhood legion(predicate) of the midget disdaines have to struggle for survival in a world of competitions with light upon players, mergers and mega corporations. There is a strong urge for sustainable development and consequently need of involvement of all stakeholders inclu ding local communities. Further there is a strong ingestment for educating the young mint on the environmental issues and impart the values in their minds so as to make the world a better place in which to live.The concept of sustainability in the Hotel IndustryThe hospitality fabrication is gradually becoming sensation of the great examples of why cartroad a sustainable business add be crucial for long success. Defined at the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro as meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs, sustainability is progressively becoming 1 of the most applicable issues to hoteliers in the 21st century as be continue to rise, fill bring close tos increasingly sensitive and the pressure on being economically, socially and environmentally responsible grows.Due to the increment environmental degradation, hostel is forced to become increasingly aware of the n eed of adopting and enforcing more effective measures of environmental protection. Sustainable development, including the development of a more sustainable built environment, has thus become a priority and a challenge of our time. A number of studies evoke that the hotel sedulousness has an important accountability in this process. The global hotel persistence, comprising of sundry(a) facilities, constitutes one of the most important celestial spheres of the tourism labor. Hotels provide fitting and offer high level of resources for utilization (including energy, water, consumables) in hotel facilities, the environmental footprint of hotels is typically bigger than those of an early(a)(prenominal) types of buildings of same size. Research has revealed that the hotels are immense recitationrs of consumer goods waste generation is one of the more visible concerns the hotel industry has on the environment. According to an IHEI (2002) estimate, a typical hotel produces in ex cess of 1 kg of waste per guest-day, which, for a typical facility, results in many tons of waste each month. These figures clearly reflect that there is an urgent need for more environmentally ponderous practices and products in the hotel industry.Over the years, there has been an increased environmental awareness among the superior general public and the development of the concept of unripe consumerism has flourished. Where, most of the hotels in the late past were earningsing attention to environmental responsibility it has is immediately increasingly emerged as a collective issue.However, in order to achieve great environmental responsibility, proper applyation tools and strategies are necessary. The instruments of action include the enforcement of applicable laws and regulations (health and safety requirements, planning and building regulations, water utilization, waste generation and the personnel casualty of emissions), as well as voluntary standards. Certificatio n and labelling schemes are increasingly growing in popularity. Further, the governments, NGOs, Academic Communities are coming up to assist hoteliers in running more environmentally responsible businesses. As a matter of fact many good hotel gyves have as well as developed their modules and have practiced innovative practices. Signifi tintly, the research study by Centre for cordial reception Research, Cornell University (2010) (2012) by Glenn Withiam Rohit Verma in Hotel Year Book 2012 highlighted on Sustainability citing customers demand for sustainable hotel operations has taken root and expanded. The hotel industry has taken notice, as demonstrated by a push for consistent report standards and industry best practices coming from our industry roundtables in both Asia and northeasterly America. In that regard, meeting planners and corporate planners are direct requesting that hotels provide sustainability- link up data (such as energy drill or recycling policies). Thi rd-party certification of discolour claims has become an important part of sustainability reporting, as demonstrated for instance by deceaseocitys Green Hotel Directory, which does not recognize self-certified hotels.Hotels are highly dependent on financial performance and have to bank upon increased demand and reduce the make ups for survival. Sustainable practices can appear altruistic to the guest, shedding a positive light on a hotel. Also, when employ correctly they are mainly cost-effective with short periods of payback. The hotels who implement such measures are generally financially sound as cost are recovered in a short time and many a times much the long-term delivers are great. However, that a small percent of existing hotels have sustainability at the core of their business routine that in like manner in organized sector.There are many benefits for a hotel with sustainable business practices Additional tax by dint of lower costs. hail saving through cost-re duction measures. Easier financing beca use of goods and services of lower long-term risk. great attractiveness to lenders. Greater long-term financial stability. Increased asset value because of long-term business capability. Long-term ability to stay in business and be pull aheadable.7.3 Trends challenges of the industryDue to increased awareness on the growing environmental degradation, society is becoming aware of the need of adopting and enforcing more effective measures of environmental protection. Sustainable development has become a key priority and a challenge of time. The issue of sustainability needs to be addressed at different levels, in cooperation with academia, industry, policy makers, the general public and other stakeholders. The hotel industry has an important responsibility in this process. The study by Wang Jin zhao and Wang zing (Shenyang University China) in the Journal of care Science Engineering (2009) in has highlighted in the article issues, challen ges trends, that facing hospitality Industry has been taken in this chapter and as under7.3.1 Issues in HospitalityGreen Hospitality Sustainable Development Calls for viridity hospitality. Going atomic number 19 is a burgeoning issue in the hospitality industry. People are abrupt to look at sustainable solutions in a hearty vernal way. There has been a metamorphose in the perception of green it has make for(p) from a fringe movement to mainstream. As a sign of its gaining popularity, one of the appreciated initiatives in India is Welcom Environment Programme by ITC Welcom Group of Hotels in addition to others. Across the globe various conferences on hospitality are being held. The basis of sustainable hospitality operation is a three-part balance, show as profits, mess, and planet. By taking those three elements into account, thus, a sustainable green hospitality development program becomes economically viable, as well as beneficial to the community and environment.Higher Education Tremendous changes are taking place in hospitality industry which poses several challenges for transformation of the whole educational process including educational curricula, reading materials, instructional practices and education stakeholders. This includes restructuring the learning process to reflect the use of information in the real world, changing the role of the educator from presenter of pre-packaged facts to facilitator of active learning and transforming the library specialiser to an active collaborator in curriculum planning for effective use and availability of information resources. Ministry of tourism, Govt of India is providing Hospitality Tourism Education through issue Council of Hotel trouble, Indian Institute of Travel Tourism centering and interestingly is loose Biasing Hospitality Tourism Education through Central Financial avail Scheme by giving a direct grant of Rupees ii Crores to each University for offering hospitality programmes unde r this scheme. In 2012 about 22 universities in India have been benefited and many more are likely to get. Indeed, educators need to inspire new aspirants and gear them for industry needs. The new educational providers have withal been offering the undeniable demand for open, flexible, distance and e- learning with world class universities like IGNOU offering Hospitality Tourism Programmes, as coaction project NCHMCT MOT, Govt. Of India and state universities like Uttarakhand Open University and others are promoting Hospitality Tourism Programmes reaching to the unreached. Similarly organizations like AHLA, whose primary business is not education just now who facilities to it with its educational institute.Labour Cost Issues Labour expenses continue to proceed amongst the large expense items for hospitality managers, accounting nearly about 40- 45 percent of total operating costs. Thus, any trend or issue that could potentially impact fatigue costs needs to be taken seriousl y by hospitality owners and managers alike. Due to the magnitude of the expense, labour costs and issues have always consumed a substantial portion of the time and efforts of hospitality managers. The cost of labour is the biggest expense in all categories of hotels. Even with the approach of select-service properties, hospitality developers cannot avoid the valet component of hospitality operations. While managing labour expenses is important, hospitality managers also needs to be aware that employees are an constitutive(a) part of the hospitality experience. The interaction between hospitality guests and employees has a crucial impact on the customer experience and the success of the business operation. Therefore, a fine balance must be drawn between cost controls and guest satisfaction.Multicultural Issues The newest trends and topics surrounding hospitality research and development is the management of multicultural talent in the hospitality industry. With the development of globalization, multicultural issues are facing and disturbing the industry operators. Bringing the far corners of the world unitedly is part and parcel of what the hospitality sector does. Blending amenities to give for the needs of the worlds different cultures is central to success for large, international hospitality chains. ethnical issues have never before been such a crucial clincher of how a large hospitality should operate. In some Asian cultures, for example, substance finish off is not sought, as it can make guests feel uncomfortable, while in Western tradition it is equated with openness and honesty. This could be important in defining how staff addresses themselves to certain Asian guests.7.3.2 Challenges confronting the Hospitality Industry The various kinds of challenges confronted by the Hospitality Industry revolves around Economic Issues, Operating Issues, merchandising Issues and Technological IssuesOperating Issues humane Resources Shortages of human resource s and their impact on the industry in almost every geographic location are systematically among the most difficult challenges noted by hoteliers. In many communities, hospitality expansion is limited not by capital, but rather by human resources. A shrinking labour force is the number one challenge facing the global hospitality industry, according to the International beau monde of Hospitality Consultants, which recently convened to brainstorm world issues and rank them according to importance. The worry of attracting and retaining qualified workers, once an issue only in an isolated number of markets, is increasingly becoming a global challenge. Demography, wage levels, failure to adequately address worker satisfaction and a reputation for long hours and low pay are all cited as contributing factors. Creative hospitality professionals have begun to develop innovative strategies for capturing and keeping high tonicity workers. In India itself the research report by HVS Internati onal cites that ongoing demand for human resources is 3,20,000 and the trained manpower supply is 12,000 annually through Govt. Institutes of Hotel Management. The Prime Ministers depicted object Skill Development Council has articulated a vision that tourism sector pass on employ additional 5 million skilled persons by 2022. Realizing the increasing importance of Tourism as an integral part of economic and developmental policy of India Ministry of Tourism Govt. of India has received the 12th innovation storage allocation in Rupees 15,190 crore which is a substantial increase over its 11th Plan size of Rupees 5156 crore. In order to meet the growing needs of Human Resources, Ministry of Tourism, Government of India has launched Hunar se Rozgar Programme with a target to train 1,07,800 people in 2016-17 against training of 53,800 personnel in 2012-13 for the trade of Hospitality Tourism.Cost Containment Hospitalities are increasingly challenged to find ways to reduce costs with out sacrificing the quality standards imposed to consistently meet guest expectations. The idea of doing more with le requires managers to think about ways to operate more effectively (in other words to do the remedy things in the right way) and to examine possibilities for cost savings that get out not affect the guests perception of value.Increased contention Hotels everywhere indicate that their community is overbuilt there are too many available hospitality rooms relative to the guests desiring to rent them. The resulting competition, which often involves price cutting in efforts to provide greater value to guests, educes still un slight the profits generated. A steep fall in occupancy ratio in the wake of the global slowdown and tight competition among hospitality operators in a shrinking market have brought down hospitality room rents drastically across the country. The competition has resulted in low occupancies and as a result, the average room rate has taken a slaught er of almost 30 percent in all major void markets. Rooms are now sold not only for less but also bundled with packages, like break spendthrift, airport transfers or a days sightseeing. Competition calls for innovation in hospitality industry.Marketing IssuesMarket partition and Overlapping Brands Market segmentation is increasing as lodging chains focus on a specific niche of travellers. Additionally, brands overlap. Some industry observers are concerned that franchisers may expand their number of brands to the point that investors who bribe from the same franchiser will be in direct competition with themselves Also, as the number of brands increases, the ability of consumers to differentiate between them decreases.Increased Guest ordinariness Consumers have become more sophisticated and, as a result, so have the types of products and services that they desire. Amenities, including business centers, exercise and recreational facilities, and guest-room innovations, increase cost s but, if not cautiously selected, may not appeal to many guests being served by a specific property.Technological IssuesThe challenges of keeping up with the fast pace of technology is difficult and expensive.Interactive Reservation Systems Guests can now use the net incomes synergetic reservation systems, and hospitality companies are sometimes criticized for the (alleged) large number of keyboard clicks required to make a reservation. The number of reservations made via the Internet continues to increase. Surveys show that a good number reservations are made through the Internet, and this percentage is increasing every year. With such high percentage of reservations done through the Internet, hospitality cannot afford not being connected. If the potential guest cannot have online, a reservation will be made at the competitors web site.Guest-room Innovations With wi fi connectivity, mood based lighting, choice of music, multiple telephone lines, interactive opportunities for o rdering room service, modern ammenities and guest-room check-out are examples of amenities that guests increasingly desire, but that are very expensive to install and implement.Data Mining This technology allows marketing and sales personnel to find new ways to use guest-related data. (data mining using technology to analyze guest and other related data to make better marketing decisions.) have a bun in the oven Management This computerized process allows managers to match guest demand with room pass judgment (high demand mover higher rates because of lessened discounts low demand result in higher discounts.) (yield management demand forecasting systems designed to maximise revenue by holding rates high during times of high guest-room demand and by decreasing room rates during times of lower guest-room demand). Yield management is critical to maximizing a hospitalitys profitability. The concept are applied to every revenue department and across department. The yield managers job is to maximize the revenue per available room by selling rooms to the right customers, at the right price, at the right time.Economic IssuesDependence upon the Nations delivery When the nations economy is good, business travel generally increases. Hospitality occupancy rates and force out rates increase, which results in higher profit levels. The reverse is also true business travel slows when the economy slow. Then occupancy and rack rates decrease. Discounts to increase occupancy are offered, which yield lower revenues and profit decreases.Globalization Globalization impacts the lodging industry dramatically because it influences the extent of which people travel both within the country and around the world. Therefore, it is not only the economy of the nation, but also the economies of individual countries, that play an increasingly bigger role in the financial success of lodging properties. To compete, they must pay closer attention to the trends of globalization. The industry must reflect the requirements of the global colonisation in many aspects of its operations, including food, services, amenities, staffing policies and training.7.3.3 Trends in Hospitality IndustryRapid evolution in Vacation Ownership Vacation ownership is the fastest growing segment of the lodging industry and is likely to continue growing as the baby boomers enter their fifties and sixties in the U.S.A.. The World Tourism Organization has called timeshares one of the fastest growing sectors of the travel and tourism industry. Hospitality companies are adding brand power to the concept with corporations like Marriott Vacation connection International, the Walt Disney Company, Hilton Hotels, Hyatt Hotels, Promus Embassy Suites, Inter-Continental and ever Four Seasons participating in an industry that has grown speedily in recent years.Integration Globalization Vertical integration is a trend that began a few years ago. Lodging companies realized that guests readjustment needs were not just at one level rather, they seemed to take off by price and facilities/amenities. Almost all major lodging companies now have properties in each segment of the market. The future of the lodging industry involves globalization. Companies cannot grow unless they venture beyond the United lands. American hospitality chains and their management techniques were in demand by many growth countries who cute premium-name hotel. An extensive survey of the condition of the hospitality would have shown that substantial heart and souls of gold would be necessary to maintain the hospitalitys condition. The hospitality industry is thus at the very core of the globalization of international business. Hospitality companies therefore need to consider the implications of the global context in which they operate and must be prepared to address the questions that arise from this changing environment. Globalization will lastly touch virtually all aspects of the hospitality industry. Inc reasingly, customers, management processes, employees, products, and sources of capital will be competed for and will move across national boundaries. Competition in the future will come from global entities with the advantages that globalization brings. novel Management The complex forces of energy control, safety and security, capital movement, and technology issues will require a future management cadre that is able to adapt to rapid-paced change across all the traditional functions of management. The growing complexity of the customer/employee interaction, compulsive by technology and the information age, will shape human resources needs in the future. The customer, armed with more information, will expect frontline and other hospitality staff to be at least as knowledgeable about the firms offerings as they are themselves. This will be difficult in an industry characterized by low-skilled, low-paid personnel and a high degree of cultural and behavioural diversity among its e mployees. Visioning the future major forces driving change in the hospitality industry considers seven areas decisive to the future development of the industry. Each is examined to run into the scope and complexity of the issue and the timing of its impact. That is assets and capital, health and safety, new management , marketing, distribution and capacity management, technology, sustainable development, social issuesExpanded role of Travel Intermediaries Portals The entry of Google has added a new dimension to hotel room distribution, since users can book directly from the search results page, instead of clicking through to another site. Going forward, hotels may find themselves being distributed much like package goods. Many guests will go to a travel purveyor for hotel rooms, just as they go to a food market for groceries. Further, there have been facilities extended to many countries including India for developing free websites by google enabling small or even un arrange hote ls accessible on web.Mobile apps and RFID Social media, which have grown exponentially in the past few years, will continue to be a force, but the big electronic development for hotel distribution and operations is nimble devices, particularly those with radio frequency identification (RFID) chips. Because of the remarkable plunge in the cost of RFID, the study by Cornell Research Centre anticipate that this will break out as its own trend soon enough, and the combining of RFID and mobile apps will allow guests to use their smart phones to book a room, check in, open their guestroom door, and settle their folio all without direct contact with staff. Even without RFID, guests use of mobile devices will create opportunities for innovation by hoteliers, including new services and operating efficiencies.Next generation globalization not long ago, globalization meant that hotel brands from developed nations expanded into developing nations, whether through defeat franchises or by acq uiring local firms. Globalization is now catamenia in the reverse direction, as brands from developing nations are expanding to developed nations, as well as to other developing nations. To name just a few brands, Taj Hotels from India has now operations in UK, US having properties in Boston, New York, and San Francisco, as well as hotels in capital of the United Kingdom and Sydney, Jumeirah from UAE now manages the Essex field in New York, as well as properties in London and Frankfurt Thus, globalization will mean that hotel brands criss-cross the globe.7.4 Eco Responsible Approaches in Hospitality BusinessIn the tourism industry, hotels account for a significant amount of the overall pollution generated by this sector. The potential of implementing more sustainable practices in the hotel sector requires the availability of reliable tools for assessment and benchmarking of hotel environmental performance. A number of such tools have been developed by international environmental organizations, tell associations and even hotel corporations. The various schemes differ with regard to geographical/climatic areas covered, types of hotel facilities included, full point of environmental information required, benchmarking methods, user-friendliness and implementation cost.Green Hotels In view of the famine of resources on Earth, rising awareness of environmental protection, and ecological conservation, eco-friendly hotels shall be the answer for the above issues, so that natural resources can be recycled, re-used, and energy can be conserved. These are the future goals of the hotel accommodation industry. The term green hotel (eco-friendly hotel) was frontmost introduced following the emergence of the above concepts. Eco-friendly Hotel Association (2000) was set up to create the green hotel requirements that promote the economical use of water and energy, and reduction of solid waste, so as to safeguard the Earth resources. Green Mountain State (2010) has focus ed on the creation of an eco-friendly environment, possibly allowing for contribution from all staffs and guests alike. It carefully scrutinizes each area of the hotel operation to find ways to reduce the impacts on the environment. It also looks for ways to educate the public, and to remind everyone that every bit counts no matter how tiny the contribution may be. At the same time, it maintains its inscription to provide the kind of quality service that is expected by hotel guests. The introductory concept of a green hotel is a place of accommodation that can provide eco-friendly services, but its main goal shall be focused on ways to maintain its sustainable operation. Under the premise of minimizing the environmental impact, a green hotel shall be managed in such a way to provide patrons with a comfortable, healthy, natural accommodation while its service quality is maintained.Development of Green Hotels Eco-friendly or green hotels are developed under the concept of sustainabl e operation of the tourism industry. It shall be based on the capacity to sustain the ecological environment, and shall be in line with local economic development and local ethics. In addition, it can meet the needs of contemporaneous people, but without endangering the future generations. Furthermore, it shall be able to promote the local economy, resource conservation, and protect the ecofriendly environment, thus creating a harmonious relationship with the nature. As the hotel accommodation is closely tied to the development of the tourism industry, when the recreation and leisure trend is becoming increasingly popular, increased demand for tourism will also stimulate the demand for hotel accommodation. According to the traditional impression, hotels are places that offer opulence accommodation and services. But, under the global environmental awareness and environmental advocacy, and complying with the environmental management requirements, hotel services are now focused on d ry-cleaned production, eco-friendly services, and regular resource conservation.The concept of eco-friendly hotels came into being under the green corporate cultureand the above principles. With increasing attention on the environmental issues, andinfluenced by the concept of green hotels, hotels in every country are urged to implement the environmental management and energy saving measures.The main spirits of green hotels are to provide affordable products and services to meet the needs of the public, to repair the quality of life at the same time, to reduce the ecological impact on the environment gradually throughout the life cycle, and to reduce the employment of natural resource. At least, the pace of energy consumption shall be reconcile with theEarths loading capacity. Eco-friendly Hotels Association (2010) firmly supported thegreen initiatives through hike and promotion of the green hotel services.Through appropriate management of the natural resources, the green hotel c onceptcan be applied to the hotel accommodation industry.The Green Practices in Hotels includeCommitment to Environmental Practices (By formulating Environmental Committees, Developing Strategies, Plan of Action, Manuals, formulating green teams, monitoring environmental performance, communicating visibility of environmental practices to guests, stake holders, staff, vendors public) push Efficiency Conservation (Installing occupancy sensors, use of energy efficiency equipments, applications of alternate energy sources, proper HVAC maintenance, energy efficient designs, buildings construction patterns)Lighting (Installing programmable sensors, use of reminder cards, provisions for natural lights, application of dimmer controls, use of CFL and other such energy efficient lamps)Landscape (Sprinkler irrigation systems, recycled water, drip irrigation methods, use of drouth resistant plants, grouping of tolerant plants, wont of organic fertilizers)Managing Hazardous ototoxic Subst ances (Proper provisions and instructions for storing, use of least toxic products, little or no phosphates laundry products, use of re chargeable batteries)Pest Management (Implementation of green integrated pest management programme, application of organic insecticides, usage of traps barriers and discretion of strong and harmful chemicals)Purchasing (Creating environmental purchasing polic