Review Of ?Lawrence Of Arabia? Essays -- essays research papers

Review of Lawrence of ArabiaThe movie Lawrence of Arabia had many interesting aspects about it and, according to sources, is very historically accurate. Taken place during WW&61513 with the bitterness between British and Turkish forces over the Suez Canal, the movie reflects a life of an individual who tries to do something about the injustice of the Arabian people. David Lean depicts Lawrence or El Lawrence as the tragic bomber of the biography in order to make the story more enchanting to the reader.Lean depicts Lawrence as the classic tragic hero by first making him of noble race. Lawrence himself is enrolled in the British army and is stationed at Cairo. Lawrence, however, dreams of bigger things and wishes to work with the Arabians first hand. Lawrence being the intelligent young police officer with the big background is allowed by his superior to go and find Prince Feisel. Despite the fact that he is allowed to this because his superior cant stand him, Lawrence moves out on a mission to find the prince. On the course to Arabia, Lawrence teams up with a tribesman to help him find his way. To his dismay, the black market is killed when they wonder into off-limits territory for the guide and the guide is killed by Sherif, a member of an opposing tribe of the guide. This strikes a feeling of injustice in Lawrence that will later lead to his tragic flaw. He finds his way to his other superior on the mission by himself and is...

We Must Build a Culture of Peace Essay -- Graduate College Admissions

We Must Build a Culture of Peace Think globular, act local is an appealing slogan, but the advice falls short. We live in a world where our best friends live on different continents and we converse more with our neighbor in Nigeria than our neighbor next door. No longer is it tenacious to say, Charity begins at home. Instead, our work for human dignity and human rights essential be carried on everywhere at once. To create a global shade of pause, youth of the new millennium must think and act both global and local contemporaneously. Youth with a burning inner desire to come up a global culture of stay must seek opportunities and relationships in which to demonstrate peace. Over 50 years ago, a child fugitive knew this and proclaimed, How grand it is that nobody need wait a single moment before starting to improve the world (Frank). As a young teen, Anne Frank innately knew that the premise for building a global culture of peace is for each of us to reach out and touch t he lives of as many people as possible in an attitude of love and tolerance. To accomplish this goal, young people must work concurrently in 3 spheres local, national, and global. Locally, we can create our take in community-based peace clubs and/or we can join established clubs within schools which promote peace, peer mediation, and conflict resolution. In these clubs youth can learn about peace and then go a step further to educate others by organizing peace walks, writing letters, distributing petitions, planting peace gardens, writing poetry and essays about peace to present in coffee houses, sponsoring peace essay and art contests, writing peace plays to present to the public, and/or publishing our own newspapers. ... ...me sow love (Halamandaris). We must let our peace flow outward to influence other youth and adults to join us in our cause. For it is only when we agree to settle our disputes and attain self-sufficiency and justice for all with words and not wars, gentle ness and not genocide, harmony and not hatred will we achieve the ultimate goal - a global culture of peace. Bibliography Dumas, Alexandre. The Three Musketeers. Bergenfield, New Jersey Penguin USA, 1982. Frank, Anne. The Diary of a Young Girl The Definitive Edition. Otto H. Frank, Editor. New York Doubleday, 1995. Halamandaris, The Brothers, editors. Caring Quotes A Compendium of Caring Thought. Washington, DC Caring Publishing, 1994. World Population Trends. United Nations Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA). May 28, 2000. Available http//www.un.org

The Injustice of Female Genital Mutilation :: essays research papers fc

The horror of female genital mutilation is a global issue, and it is to a fault one surprising foreign to Americans although an estimated ten thousand girls in the United States are currently at risk of this operation (Sarkis par. 1). This is a cultural intrust that is both unethical and incredibly detrimental to its victims besides obviously being in direct violation of basic human rights. In order to lay down a broader view of this issue the following will be examined basic information about this practice, organizations fighting it, current news pertaining to it, recent academic articles evaluating it, and the apparent movement of how it can be stopped.FGM has recently been receiving growing media attention due to the controversy surrounding it, save the newfound attention is also in hopes that widespread sensation will bring about change. Female genital mutilation, or FGM when abbreviated, is also known as female circumcision, but this practice is far more drastic than male circumcision and is actually more comparable to a surgery in males where the entire penis is removed (Sarkis par. 4). FGM is classified into three different categories based on the extent of the procedure, but it usually entails the removal or the clitoris and/or the adjacent labia. The third degree of FGM is so severe that the female must be cut open to engage in sexual intercourse from that point on (Sarkis par. 5). This surgery is commonly performed in unsanitary conditions with unclean sharp tools want razor blades, kitchen knives, scissors, and pieces of glass (Sarkis par. 6). Female children usually undergo this procedure at three years of age (Sarkis par. 10). Sarkis also states, Besides the obvious initial effort of the operations, FGM has long-term physiological, sexual, and psychological effects (par. 7). It is done for a number of reasons ranging from the prevention of marital infidelity to using it as a cultural rite of passage, but more numerous than the reasons behin d it are the countries that partake in it. FGM is most common in Middle Eastern countries and throughout Africa (Sarkis par. 2). FGM is by no centre a one-dimensional problem or something that can be recovered from. It is, most significantly, a life-altering procedure. One of the major groups fighting FGM is The Female Genital Mutilation cultivation and Networking Project. It focuses primarily on the knowledge is power aspect, meaning that it concentrates more on educating the population of FGM in an effort to bring reform instead of direct actions.

Social Networking Safety :: Social Networks, Facebook, Twitter

MySpace gained popularity when businesses and bands began using it for advertising. Since the launch of Facebook, both have made social networking part of daily look for millions of large number worldwide. Internet relationships have become more popular and face-to-face interactions have become more rare. Though these websites allow friends to stay in get through more easily, they also raise synthetic rubber concerns. Predators have found ways to gain access to innocent bystanders. The age of account users on these sites has become an issue. Parents important priority for their children when it comes to the internet is their safety. The safety risk has caused many parents to ban social networking sites in their home. The question on everyones mind is, is it worth risking personal safety to communicate more easily?While staying in touch with friends is essential to adolescent development, there are less risky ways to do so. An obligate by Jennifer Sexton and Marlanda English ad vances that online sites put young people at risk for online predators when they believe they are socializing with friends. Cyber relationships throw out delay the growth of veridical relationships according to Sylvia Engdahl in Online Social Networking. Anne Whittaker and Geraldine Wagner wrote that these websites can stimulate the economy by creating advertising opportunities. Advertising and socializing can be combined with these sites, and as Craig Belanger and Laura Finley wrote in an online article, they allow even the shyest of people to express themselves freely. MySpace is a great place to advertise businesses, while Facebook can create the virtual interaction that everyone seeks. Safety precautions can be implemented to ensure only those of suitable age can have access to these sites.Each year there are more advances in technology that allow the world to come to on more personal levels. The new-found popularity of social networking sites accompanies advancements in tech nology. Social sites allow people around the world to connect with one another in an instant without much hassle. With many great achievements or advancements comes a controversy. The controversy over the popularity and use of social networking sites has alarmed groups of people around the globe. Each group seems to have its own opinion on each miniscule detail of the ever popular sites such as MySpace and Facebook, and they state their opinion in every way possible. While advancements in technology have allowed social networking sites such as MySpace and Facebook to connect people around the world, they whitethorn be releasing too much information and therefore making innocent people vulnerable to dangerous situations.

The Shogun Dynasty :: Chinese China History

The term Shogun means general. Later, it refered to the leader of the Shogunate (Samurais judicature). From 1192-1867, the Shogun ruled Japan. The Emperor reigned but did not rule. The Shoguns were a type of warlords that governed providences and states as a type of Nipponese check and balance of the 16th century. The name of that form of government was called Shogunate. The Shogunates ruled as a military dictatorship for over a span of around 700 years they fought the Mongolians in 1281, fought in a civil war during 1467-1477, fought for Osaka in 1615, and saw Commodore Perry in 1853. The samurai are one of the most reconizable and most renowned warriors of the quaint times. They were members of a unique military class called the Japanese warriors. They emereged and grew more and more important during the Heian period (794-1185) when powerfull land owners hired them for their personal saftey and protection of their property. In the later times of the Heian period the most power ful military families, the Minamoto and Taira, had taken over political power over Japan and fought wars and battles for supremacy. When shogun Minamoto Yoritomo established a new government in Kamakura in 1192, the shogun (the highest military officer) became the ruler of Japan. The samurai were pinacled at the top of the social hierarchy and had many privilages. On the other hand, they were supposed to set a right-hand(a) example for the lower classes by following the principles of Bushido (the way of the warrior). The samurais most important principles or duties were to be loyal to his master, expend self-discipline and respect and also to use ethical behaviour. After a defeat or other dishonourable event many of the saurai chose to commit suicide by cutting their abdomen with a sword in order to preserve their honour. Such ritual suicide is called seppuku or harakiri. During the Edo period, which was mainly a peaceful time, most samurai had no pauperism or need to fight or do battle. In light of their situation many of the samurai chose to dedicate themselves to intellectual studies such as literature, history or the tea ceremony. In the 17th century, masterless and unemployed samurai caused some problems to the government because of their increased intellect. After the Meiji Restoration (1868), the samurai class dissapeared. The samurai sword, the katana, is still today the distinguishing mark of the samurai.

The Shogun Dynasty :: Chinese China History

The term Shogun means general. Later, it refered to the leader of the Shogunate (Samurais government). From 1192-1867, the Shogun ruled Japan. The Emperor reigned that did not rule. The Shoguns were a type of warlords that governed providences and states as a type of Japanese check and balance of the 16th century. The name of that form of government was called Shogunate. The Shogunates ruled as a military dictatorship for over a span of almost 700 years they fought the Mongolians in 1281, fought in a civil war during 1467-1477, fought for Osaka in 1615, and saying Commodore Perry in 1853. The samurai are one of the most reconizable and most renowned warriors of the ancient times. They were members of a unique military class called the Japanese warriors. They emereged and grew more and more fundamental during the Heian period (794-1185) when powerfull land owners hired them for their personal saftey and protection of their property. In the later times of the Heian period the most p owerful military families, the Minamoto and Taira, had taken over semipolitical power over Japan and fought wars and battles for supremacy. When shogun Minamoto Yoritomo established a new government in Kamakura in 1192, the shogun (the highest military officer) became the ruler of Japan. The samurai were pinacled at the top of the social hierarchy and had many privilages. On the other hand, they were supposed to set a good example for the lower classes by following the principles of Bushido (the way of the warrior). The samurais most important principles or duties were to be loyal to his master, use self-discipline and respect and also to use ethical behaviour. After a defeat or other dishonourable consequence many of the saurai chose to commit suicide by cutting their abdomen with a sword in order to preserve their honour. Such ritual suicide is called seppuku or harakiri. During the Edo period, which was mainly a peaceful time, most samurai had no motive or need to fight or do battle. In light of their perspective many of the samurai chose to dedicate themselves to intellectual studies such as literature, history or the tea ceremony. In the 17th century, masterless and unemployed samurai caused some problems to the government because of their increase intellect. After the Meiji Restoration (1868), the samurai class dissapeared. The samurai sword, the katana, is still today the distinguishing mark of the samurai.

Cellular Rspiration

LABORATORY REPORT FOR BIO411 Experiment 5 cellular Respiration Experiment 6 Photosynthesis Title Cellular Respiration Objective To observe and determine cellular respiration in barm/onion cells. * banner respiration rate employ different substrates. * Measure respiration rate at different temperature. Introduction In this laboratory experiment, we are given 3 task. The first one is respiration in yeast. fleck is respiratory indicator and the third one is observing mitochondria in yeast/onion cell. The first experiment is about investigation of sugars yeast. We will determine which sugars yeast can be use for cell respiration.When the yeast undergoes anaerobic/aerobic respiration, they will give out carbon dioxide. After that it will reacts with irrigate to forms a weak carbonic acid solution. We will use BTB to monitor this reaction. Further explanation will be discussed at the discussion. The second experiment is respiratory indicator. comparable concept with the first exper iment. We will measure the respiration rate utilise different substrates based on the table provided. The third experiment is observing mitochondria in yeast/onion cells. We will be using the staining technique in order to obtain the result of the experiment. * lying-in 1 Respiration in Yeast Materials Beakers * Pipettes * Cuvettes * 20% Glucose * 20% Lactose * 20% saccharose * 20% Maltose * Distilled water * Brom Thymol Blue (BTB) * Spectrophotometer * Measuring cylinders. Procedures 1. The spectrometer is set to 565nm. Distilled water is used to set the nurture to the pure level. 2. 8mL of 20% glucose is placed in the beaker using a measuring cylinder. 3. 1ml of Brom Thymol Blue (BTB) is added into a respective tubes using a pipette. 4. 4ml from the mixture of Glucose and BTB interpreted and placed in test tube then added with 0. 1ml of yeast extract. 5. The mixture then transferred into cuvette and placed into spectrophotometer. 6.The absorbance measured for 5 minutes. The rea ding taken within 30 seconds. 7. Steps 1-6 is repeated using 20% Lactose, 20% Sucrose, and 20% Maltose. 8. Reading obtained is recorded and compared with the others. Results Time (s) 20% Glucose 20% Sucrose 20% Maltose 20% Lactose 30 1. 053 1. 162 1. 323 1. 130 60 1. 051 1. 161 1. 310 1. 123 90 1. 049 1. 159 1. 304 1. 119 120 1. 048 1. 159 1. 297 1. 116 150 1. 045 1. 158 1. 295 1. 114 180 1. 044 1. 155 1. 292 1. 111 210 1. 041 1. 155 1. 289 1. 109 240 1. 040 1. 154 1. 287 1. 107 270 1. 037 1. 154 1. 287 1. 105 three hundred 1. 035 1. 154 1. 284 1. 103 Task 2 Respiratory Indicator Materials * Test tubes * Yeast extract * 20% Glucose * Water bath * Parafilm * Distilled water * Tap water * Methylene lamentable Procedures 1. 4 test tubes is obtained. 2. Each tube filled as table shown below, Tube 1 (room temperature) Tube 2 (100? c) Tube 3 Tube 4 5ml yeast+1ml glucose+2ml methylene radical blue+2ml distilled water 5ml yeast+1ml glucose+2ml methylene blue+2ml distilled water 5ml water +1ml glucose+2ml methylene blue+2ml distilled water 5ml yeast+1ml water+1ml methylene blue +2ml distilled water 3. For tube 2, yeast is added and glucose is immersed the tube in water bath(100%) for 5 minutes.The, methylene blue is added. 4. Parafilm is used to cover all the tubes. 5. Initial season and color is recorded. 6. Time taken for the decolorisation to occur is recorded. Result Tube 1 Tube 2 Tube 3 Tube 4 Observation opprobrious blue(no change) Dark blue(no change) Dark blue(no change) Dark blue(no change) * Task 3 Observing Mitochondrian of Onion Cells Materials * Glass slides * Sucrose solution * Methylene blue * Toothpick * Onion cell * pinnacle slip * Microscope Procedures 1. Clean slide is obtained and a drop of sucrose solution is placed on the center.Two drops of methylene blue added and mixed well by using toothpick. 2. Yeast is placed on the mixture of sucrose and methylene blue and cobered by the cover slip. 3. The slide immediately viewed under microscope. Re sults 35 minutes is taken for yeast cells to decolorized, where blue stain turns clear. Disccusion In our experiment, in order to achieved our objective which are to observe and determine cellular repiration in yeast/onion cells, we put on to measured respiration rate using different substrates and we also have to measure respiration rates at different temperatures in Task 1, Task 2, Task 3.In Task 1 Respiration in yeast, the result we obtained shows that the 20% Glucose give the lowest value of absorbance compared to the others and 20% Maltose gave the highest value of absorbance. The order of absorbance is 20% Glucose

Difference between diegetic and non-diegetic sound Essay

What is the difference surrounded by diegetic and non-diegetic leaden? Can they ever be conf applyd? cover with reference to at least three recent films.For this turn up I shall be highlighting the differences between the two terms diegetic and non-diegetic fail. I shall also controvert whether or not the terms and their meanings could ever be confused. To help highlight my arguments within this essay I shall reference to films such as The Italian business sector, Romeo and Juliet and Entrapment. The final examination vowelize will hopefully round off the essay with a critical conclusion of the given question and the evidence presented within the essay. moreover sound is perhaps the hardest of all techniques to study Our primary information aboutthe layout of our surroundings comes from sight, and so in ordinary feeling sound is often obviously a background for our visual attention.(Bordwell.D. & Thompson.K., 1947, Film art An introduction, Fifth Edition, New York Londo n McGraw-Hill.)Sound which erect be implied or linked by a character or an action taking place within the context of a scene is often referred to as a diegetic sound. This loafer include medicament that is being performed within the films world, such an example could be interpreted from the film Titanic. The particular scene I am referring to, is when the get off has just started to sink and the band decide to continue playing.ON WALLACE HARTLEY raising his violin to play.HARTLEYNumber 26. Ready and The band has reassembled just out facial expression the First break Entrance, port side, near where Lightoller is calling for the boats to be loaded. They strike upa waltz, lively and elegant. The euphony wafts all over the ship.(Anon, Titanic Script, http//sites.inka.de/humpty/titanic/script.html)Another anchor example of music being used within a scene of a film as a diegetic source, would be in The Crow. here(predicate) we see a mysterious figure playing an electric guitar in a way that has quite a phallic relation to his character.She pauses as she hears a lilting, faraway GUITAR STRAIN.Across the street she can bushel out the figure of Eric on hisroof playing the guitar.(Anon, The Crow Script, http//abahb.crowfans.com/TheCrow/crowmov.txt)Another form of audio use in films which falls under the diegetic category, would be when a character within the scene is talking, singing, shouting etc. My first example to highlight this is taken from Baz Luhrmans adaptation of Romeo and Juliet. The scene in question is when the Montagues and Capulets meet for the first time.ABRADo you bite your thumb at us, sirSampsons shaking snuff it hovers ready to draw.SAMPSONI do bite my thumb, sir.(Baz Lurhmanns Romeo and Juliet)Another example, can be taken from the film To Die For. However, with this example the character is talking right away to the audience.SUZANNE STONE MARETTOYou arnt in truthly anybody in America if youre not on TV.(iMDB, memorable quotes from To Die For, http//imdb.com/ ennoble/tt0114681/quotes)A final step that helps gear up diegetic sound is the use of instinctive sounds. For example a cars engine revving. When sounds like this are used they tend to be highlighted and amplified, so as to draw the audiences attention to the relevant action. My first example is taken from the recent re-make of The Italian pedigree. Here the echo, ominous thud, resonates the seriousness of the situation, i.e. the fact that they are at the worst of their troubles.UNDERWATER SAME TIMEThe Humvee strikes the surface bottom with an ominous thud.(AllMovieScripts.com, The Italian Job Script, http//www.allmoviescripts.com/scripts/italianjob.PDF)Another example can be taken from the film Entrapment. Here the sound we are focusing on is not amplified a great deal, in fact it seems the director wants the sound to be as quiet as possible. No doubt to tie-in with the secrecy and precision required within the context.Nearby, an ALARM BOX softly BEEP S its60-second warning to the pulsing of a green light, and the Thiefattaches a small computerized DEVICEHowever, the interesting point that can be brought about with this example is that even though the sound stops, it receives or so the same if not more attention as when the box was beeping.the right one STOPS. Illuminated in red. The beeping, thegreen light, go OFF. The device is removed.(AllMovieScripts.com, Entrapment Script, http//www.allmoviescripts.com/scripts/14984220623f39e70a15fbb.html)The other side to looking at audio within the film environment is non-diegetic sounds. Non-diegetic sound is just as important within films as natural or diegetic sounds. However, it appears that you can spot a lot more use of non-diegetic sounds within science fiction or fantastical films, such as Star Wars and Lord of the go. Again this can be broken up into three main criteria.Sound effects are often used to create a real sound from an unnatural object, such as a futuristic spacecraft , or as in my next example a light-sabre.Through Lucas perserverance and continuity of the light-sabre sound, the changeless whirring, the audience is quite accustomed to believing that the light-sabre is an organic object.Just as the ice creature looms over Luke, the lightsaberjumps into Lukes hand.The young warrior instantly ignites his sword, swinging up,and cuts himself wakeful from the ice.(Smith.K.B, Star Wars The Empire Strikes Back Script, http//www.wheelon.com/swscripts/scripts.htm)However, sound effects dont just help out futuristic objects gain a realistc life they can also be used to exaggerate the movement of a real world object. This principle is explained in the following example that briefly talks of Mr.Hulots Holiday. Although the door doesnt make a realistic noise, the sound that replaces it is organic, i.e. natural.much humor arises from the opening and closing of a dining-room door. Instead of simply recording a real door, Tati inserts a twanging sound like a p lucked cello string each time the door swings.(FilmSound.org, Dimensions of film sound, http//www.filmsound.org/filmart/bordwell2.htm) muniment within a film is also considered a non-diegetic sound, for although it could quite easily link to what is taking place within the scene, it is not an actual part of the scene. such(prenominal) as the characters are not normally aware of this external voice or sound. It is used to best effect when thinking of an adaptation of a real book or story. An example of a story that used narration throughout the film is The Englishman who went up a Hill notwithstanding came low-spirited a Mountain.Narrator For some odd reason, lost in the mists of time, theres an extraordinary shortage of last names in WalesTo avoid far-flung confusion, Welsh people often add an occupation to a name But one mans name was a puzzle, and it wasnt until I was 10 years old that I asked my grandfather about the man with the longest and most enigmatic name of all.(iMDB, M emorable quotes from The Englishman who went up a cumulation but came down a mountain, http//us.imdb.com/title/tt0112966/quotes)Another take on narration within film, is when the narrator is in reality part of the story, but is say, recounting preceding(prenominal) events. This normally takesthe audience through the story to the present moment that the narrator/character has found themselves in. For example in the film Carlitos Way, the main character, Carlito Brigante, is recounting his story of failure from free man, through to his imminent death,Sorry boys, all the stitches in the world cant sew me together again. arrange downlay down. Gonna stretch me out in Fernandez funeral home on hun and ninth streetGetting the shakes now, Last call for drinks, Bars closing down Suns out Where are we going for breakfast, Dont wanna go far Rough night Tired baby Tired(iMDB, Memorable quotes from Carlitos way, http//us.imdb.com/title/tt0106519/quotes)You also tend to find that with this ki nd of narration, i.e. story recounting up to present day, the opening lines or quotes are echoed in the final closing lines.One of the final main criteria of non-diegetic sounds within a film is background or mood music. This is also known as the soundtrack or score.every attentive filmgoer is aware of the enormous power music holds in shaping the film experience, manipulating emotions and point of view, and guiding perceptions of characters, moods, and narrative events.(Hill.J. & Church.P., 2000, Film studies critical approaches, Oxford Oxford University Press)This part of non-diegetic sound is probably the most under-estimated, through the use of mood music the audience can be taken on a rollercoaster of emotions. This use of audio is an infixed ingredient to any film. It is very hard stretched, certainly with Hollywood blockbusters, to come across a film that doesnt employ the technique of atmosphere music or score to shape the feeling of a scene.This next part to this essay s hould hopefully try and cover similarities between the different criteria of diegetic, and its counter-part, non-diegetic sound. Through this section I shall attempt to answer the question as to whether these two distinctive forms of audio can ever be confused. The way in which I shall do this will be through using the obvious links that are the defining criteria of the different audio types. The comparison shall follow the form of defining which diegetic criterion and how it relates to the example scene, then the comparison shall follow with the non-diegetic link using the same scene and instance.The first of the three links to be compared shall be the natural voice or sound of the character within the scene. The opening scene of Baz Lurhmanns adaptation of Romeo and Juliet uses a newsworthiness reporter, being portrayed as a news programme through the use of the medium close-up of the T.V. set. Here we see a news report that at first glance would seem as a typical bulletin. Howev er, this is when the two different types of sound categorization can become blurred or confused. The reason for this is because the news reporter is actually taking on the role of the narrator as depicted by Shakespeares original work. This is also evident through the type of language being used and how it is brought to life with the tone and emphasis.The second example that can be used to highlight when the two conventions become blurred is when a natural or organic sound is reproduced and accentuated through the use of sound effects. We can take a closer look at this argument with a typical western film that has a Hollywood budget attached to it, such as Young Guns 2. When watching a spaghetti western, its an unconscious convention that we expect the gun to make quite a prominent sound, from either the initial bang through to the ricochet twang. My feeling is that, the natural sound produced by a gun, particularly props, would not be enough to convince the audience, especially wit h modern expectations. I feel its at this point when you could call the sound effect that replaces the original sound non-diegetic in respect to it being created artificially.My final example links back to a film I have referenced frequently throughoutthis essay, Romeo and Juliet. Music that is root within the scene, a band for example, is classed as being diegetic, however mood music is known as non-diegetic. The scene in which Romeo and Juliet first meet is that of a house party. In this house party theres a typical mini-orchestra and singer performing (Desree Kissing You), so for arguments sake we could class this as being diegetic for the moment. Yet, when Romeo and Juliet are first engaging each other in secret conversation, the music becomes the mood setting for the background. This is emphasized more when a natural break in the song, serves as an intensifying moment between the two characters. This could then be classed as non-diegetic as it serves to put across the mood bet ween the two lovers of excitement and intrigue.To round of this essay Im going to finish with a short conclusion about how I feel regarding the essay question. It seems to be that its easy enough for us, as the audience, to pigeon hole a sound at first glance. However as with my last cases these sounds might not always fit into the categories you first think they would. It could be a fair point to say then, that rather than being confined to one standardisation, these sounds might actually fluctuate and vary, depending on the scenes mood and context.BibliographyBooksBordwell.D. & Thompson.K., 1947, Film art An introduction, Fifth Edition, New York London McGraw-Hill.Hill.J. & Church.P., 2000, Film studies critical approaches, Oxford Oxford University PressOnline SourcesAllMovieScripts.com, Entrapment Script, http//www.allmoviescripts.com/scripts/14984220623f39e70a15fbb.htmlAllMovieScripts.com, The Italian Job Script,http//www.allmoviescripts.com/scripts/italianjob.PDFAnon, Titan ic Script,http//sites.inka.de/humpty/titanic/script.htmlAnon, The Crow Script,http//abahb.crowfans.com/TheCrow/crowmov.txtFilmSound.org, Dimensions of film sound,http//www.filmsound.org/filmart/bordwell2.htmiMDB, Memorable quotes from Carlitos way,http//us.imdb.com/title/tt0106519/quotesiMDB, Memorable quotes from The Englishman who went up a hill but came down a mountain, http//us.imdb.com/title/tt0112966/quotesiMDB, Memorable quotes from To Die For,http//imdb.com/title/tt0114681/quotesSmith.K.B, Star Wars The Empire Strikes Back Script,http//www.wheelon.com/swscripts/scripts.htmFilmographyAmiel.J., 1999, EntrapmentGray.F., 2003, The Italian JobLucas.G., 1980, Star Wars The Empire Strikes BackLurhmann.B., 1996, Romeo and JulietMonger.C., 1995, The Englishman who went up a hill but came down a mountainPalma.D.B, 1993, Carlitos WayProyas.A., 1994, The CrowSant.V.G., 1994, To Die For

Manage Personal Work Priorities and Professional Development Essay

wellnesss purpose is to provide safe, sustainable, efficient, quality and responsive health functions for all Queenslanders, and we have quintuple core values that guide our behaviour Caring for People We will show due regard for the contribution and diversity of all supply and litigate all patients and consumers, carers and their families with professionalism and respect. Leadership We will exercise leadership in the delivery of health services and in the broader health system by communicating vision, align strategy with delivering outcomes, taking responsibility, supporting appropriate governance and demonstrating commitment and consideration for people. Partnership Working collaboratively and respectfully with other service providers and partners is fundamental to our success.Accountability, efficiency and force We will measure and communicate our performance to the community and governments. We will use this information to inform ways to improve our services and manage publ ic resources effectively, efficiently and economically. Innovation We value creativity. We are open to new ideas and different approaches and seek to continually improve our services through our contributions to, and support of, evidence, innovation and research. Purpose The take in Unit Manager is a registered nurse who is an expert practitioner accountable for the coordination of clinical practice and the provision of human and material resources for the BreastScreen Queensland Mackay Service. Staffing and budget responsibilitiesLine forethought for nursing staff of BreastScreen Queensland Mackay Service Regular analysis and reporting of financial and quality performance activity. Your key responsibilities Fulfil the responsibilities of this role in accordance with Queensland Healths core values, as outlined above. Provide high-level clinical leadership and expertise to the nursing workforce in the delivery of evidence based, coetaneous nursing practice, in accordance with t he BreastScreen Queensland Program Policy and Standards and the BreastScreen Australia National Accreditation Standards. Facilitate the coordination and management of client care during the screening and assessment pathway to ensure service delivery is ethical, efficient, effective, client focused and culturally appropriate. Maintain clinical data, undertake analysis of trends in client outcomes, and aid in the establishment of service benchmarks specific to the BreastScreen Queensland Program.Facilitate operational strategies for a work based culture that promotes and supports education, learning, research and workforce ontogenesis by providing training and development opportunities for staff and participating in performance appraisal and development. Active involvement in the implementation of National Accreditation Standards at Service Level to ensure Service meets performance indicators. Participates in the development of a vision/strategy for the BreastScreen Service which is in line with the BreastScreen Queensland Program, District and Queensland Health direction and supports a supportive learning culture. Facilitates in collaboration with staff the implementation, monitoring and review of workplace instructions, guidelines and competencies as applicable. Maintains current knowledge of professional practice standards and changes, and contributes actively to nursing development.

Business Protocol Versus Personal Values

Saint Leo University Business Protocol versus Personal Values MBA 525 Dr. Angelita Howard Wonda Falcher September 9, 2012 Protocol versus Personal Values Gan, PhD (N. D. ), every(prenominal) people have his or her set of personal determine that come from society, families, religions, and experiences. Companies know-a days try to onboard people whose personal values lattice with the go withs. However, ones personal values will eventually conflict with organizational work protocols because any business looking to make money is non always going to make decisions based on peoples feelings.A business at some time must decide to do what is go around for the company and sometimes the decision is non necessarily whats best for the employees but more so for the board of trustees. That, in my opinion is when ones personal values argon in conflict with organizational/interpersonal business protocols. Most people govern his or her life based on personal upbringings, social norms, and valu es instilled by ones family. However, business practices are governed by what drives the company and oftentimes its money.Nevertheless, unless the conflict is wicked, un respectable, or immoral I would do what the organization desired for me to do in order for the company and myself to be successful. To expound, if the conflict between ones personal values and the companies business protocol is il healthy its an easy conflict to resolve due to edict that governs the impasse of the situation or conflict. One should never choose illegal means over ones personal values that ensure ones integrity is above board and beyond reproach.However if the conflict is ethical one must weigh personal values versus the company values and then decide if ones values outweigh the circumstance and kick in the company. There is another way one should look at an ethical situation or conflict. As long as the ethical dilemma is not so personal that the conflict diminishes ones view and confidence in and o f the company and ones personal outlook ones livelihood would not be affected. Beyond the legal precepts, ethical dilemmas hinge upon the ones personal views versus company prosperity.A gray area in which an several(prenominal) must consider whether his or her personal views are consistent with or even more so in-line with his or her corporate culture. Some personal values weigh heavier than others, Integrity is one of my personal highs, therefore, I will not lie just to ensure the betterment of the company nor will I operate in activities that are illegal. But, all dilemmas are not black and white, the gray areas pose the most ambiguous and challenging situations for most individuals.For example, a co-worker whitethorn take a shortcut to accomplish certain goals, via omitting or circumventing certain protocols. Although not illegal, Im placed with the dilemma of whether to report such activities/shortcomings or turn a blind eye as no one is hurt by the impasse however, the compan y is productive by the individual action. A gray area, although wrong from my perspective, infringing upon my personal morals, it poses no illegal activity therefore, can be construed as acceptable behavior. Choices between personal and corporate values are not always straight forward.From a legal perspective right is right and wrong is wrong however, whenever theres a lack of legal jurisprudence or behavior/corporate philosophy choices between person and corporate values can collide.References Gan, PhD, J. (N. D. ). Ethical Dilemma Reason 3. Retrieved from http//www. succezz. com/Articles/business-ethics-dilemma-reason3. html Buzzle. (2000-2009). watchfulness Concepts The Four Functions of Management. Retrieved September9, 2012, from http//www. buzzle. com/articles/management-concepts-the-four-functions-of-management. html

Qulity Managment

flavor Management for Organizational Excellence Lecture/Presentation Notes By Dr. David L. Goetsch and Stanley Davis Based on the book gauge Management for Organizational Excellence (7Th Edition) Presented By Dr. Rania A. M Shamah Associate Professor of Business Administration 1 One The score prime(prenominal) Approach to caliber Management MAJOR TOPICS What is fibre? The Total Quality Approach Defined Two Views of Quality Key Elements of Total Quality Total Quality Pioneers Keys to Total Quality Success How is Six Sigma Achieved? The Future of Quality Management 2One The Total Quality Approach to Quality Management ? Quality has been defined in a number of ways. ? When viewed from a consumers perspective, it means meeting or exceeding guest expectations. ? Quality is a dynamic state associated with products, answers, mess, processes, and environments that meets or exceeds expectations. ? Total graphic symbol is an draw near to doing pipeline that attempts to maxi mize an physical compositions competitiveness through the continual improvement of the timberland of its ? products, services, people, processes, and environments. 3 The Consequences of Poor Quality Loss of business ? Productivity ? cost Benefits of Good Quality ? Enhanced reputation for timbre ? Ability to command higher prices ? Increased market sh are ? Greater customer loyalty ? Lower liability cost ? Fewer production or service problems ? Higher profits 4 Responsibility for Quality ? Everyone in the transcription has some responsibility for quality, but certain areas of the placement are involved in activities that make them key areas of responsibility. ? Top management ? Design ? Procurement ? return/operations ? Quality assurance ? Packaging and shipping ? Marketing and sales ? node service 5 Costs of Quality ? Failure Costs costs incurred by defective parts/products or faulty services. Internal Failure Costs Costs incurred to fix problems that are detected before th e product/service is delivered to the customer. External Failure Costs All costs incurred to fix problems that are detected later on the product/service is delivered to the customer Appraisal Costs Costs of activities designed to ensure quality or uncover defects All TQ training, TQ planning, customer assessment, process control, and quality improvement costs to prevent defects from occurring Prevention Costs 6 Ethics and Quality ? Substandard work Defective products Substandard service Poor designs Shoddy workmanship Substandard parts and materials Having cognition of this and failing to fix and report it in a timely manner is unethical. 7 Total Quality Management T Q M ? A philosophy that involves everyone in an organization in a continual effort to improve quality and achieve customer satisfaction. ? Total quality is not plainly one individual concept. ? It is a number of related concepts pulled together to create a comprehensive approach to doing business. Many peop le contributed in meaningful ways to the development of the various concepts that are known collectively as total quality TQM Approach 1. Find out what the customer wants 2. Design a product or service that meets or exceeds customer wants 3. Design processes that facilitate doing the job right the first time 4. Keep track of results 5. Extend these concepts throughout the supply chain 8 TQM Elements 1. constant improvement 2. Competitive benchmarking 3. Employee empowerment 4. Team approach 5. Decision based on fact, not opinion 6. Knowledge of tools 7.Supplier quality 8. Champion 9. Quality at the source 10. Suppliers are partners in the process 9 Continuous Improvement ? Continuous Improvement Philosophy that seeks to make never-ending improvements to the process of converting inputs into outputs Kaizen Japanese sound out for continuous improvement. Quality at the Source ? The philosophy of making each worker responsible for the quality of his or her work Do it right and If it isnt right, fix it 10 The Total Quality Approach Defined Total Quality What It Is and How It Is Achieved ?Key characteristics of the total quality approach are as follows strategically based, customer focus, obsession with quality, scientific approach, long-term commitment, teamwork, employee involvement and empowerment, continual process improvement, Each element is explained on slides (12- 14) ? The rationale for total quality can be found in the need to compete in the global marketplace. ? Countries that are competing successfully in the global marketplace are seeing their quality of funding improve. ? Those that cannot are seeing theirs decline. 11 The Total Quality Approach DefinedTotal Quality What It Is and How It Is Achieved Key characteristics of the total quality approach are as follows ? Strategically-based ? Total quality organizations have a comprehensive strategic plan that contains at least the following elements vision, mission, broad objectives, and activities t hat must be completed to accomplish the broad objectives. ? The strategic plan for a total quality organization is designed to give it a sustainable competitive advantage in the marketplace. ? Customer Focus ? In a total quality setting, the customer is the driver. This applies to both internal and external customers. ? Obsession with Quality ? This means all personnel at all levels approach all aspects of the job from the perspective of How can we do this better? When an organization is obsessed with quality, good enough is never good enough. 12 The Total Quality Approach Defined Total Quality What It Is and How It Is Achieved Key characteristics of the total quality approach are as follows ? Scientific Approach ? While it is true that people skills, involvement, and empowerment are important in a total quality setting, they represent only a part of the equivalence. Another important part of the equation is the use of the scientific approach in structuring work and in decision ma king and problem solving that relates to the work. ? Long-Term Commitment ? Organizations that implement management innovations after attending short-term seminars often fail in their initial attempt to adopt the total quality approach. ? This is because they approach total quality as just another management innovation rather than as a whole new way of doing business that requires a whole new corporate culture. 13 The Total Quality Approach DefinedTotal Quality What It Is and How It Is Achieved ? Teamwork ? Internal competition tends to use energy that should be focused on improving quality, and, in turn, external competitiveness. ? incessant Improvement of Systems ? In order to continually improve the quality of products or services which is a fundamental goal in a total quality setting. ? It is necessary to continually improve systems. ? Continual Process Improvement ? Products are developed and services are delivered by people using processes within environments (systems). To co ntinually improve the quality of products and services-which is a fundamental goal in a total quality setting- it is necessary to continually improve the processes that make up the organizations systems. 14 Three-Legged Stool of Total Quality Measures ? Statistical process control ? Benchmarking ? Quality tools People ? Quality is built in ? Quality is expected not inspected ? Employees are empowered Processes ? Continual improvement ? Good enough is never good enough 15 Perceived Quality formulate of Mouth Personal Needs Expected Quality Past Experience Quality Dimensions ? ? ? ? ? Reliability Responsiveness Assurance Empathy TangiblesQuality Assessment 1. Expectations exceeded ESPS (Unacceptable Quality) 16 Perceived Quality Defining Quality Quality is Satisfactory.. Dimensions of Quality Reliability The ability to Perform promised service dependably and accurately. Responsiveness Willingness to help customers and to provide prompt service. Assurance The knowledge and courtesy of employees as well as their ability to convey trust and confidence. Empathy The provision of caring , individualized attention to customers. Ability to be approachable. Tangibles The appearance of bodily facilities equipment, personnel, and ommunication materials.. 17 Quality Gap Model Customer Perceptions Managing the Evidence Communication open frame 4 Customer Satisfaction GAP 5 Customer Expectations Customer / Marketing Research GAP 1 Understanding the Customer Service Delivery Management Perceptions of Customer Expectations Design GAP 2 Conformance GAP 3 Conformance Service Standards Product Design 18 Customer Satisfaction All customers want to be satisfied. Customer loyalty is only referable to the lack of a better alternative Giving customers some extra value will delight them by exceeding their expectations and insure their return 19

Poetry Explanation on Wordsworth’s Poem Essay

Imagine walking through a field in wee summer, around an aqua blue lake that is in the shape of a giant egg. You discover a field of daffodils that is flowing in motion like a grand dance full of elegance. This area is full of sublime that can only be fully appreciated by a poet. William Wordsworth has been to this place and it was the open of his poesy I Wandered As Lonely As A Cloud. He entered a carry of tranquility when he visited here and writes this proficient piece of poem when he has recollections about the daffodils.This poem questions the actual connection of man with temperament. This essay will look into the figurative language, tone, theme, and resourcefulness to discuss how the crisis of the speaker when he realizes that he cannot sustain the exalted feeling of looking out at the flowers. It will also look into the resolution, the memory, and the recollection. The figurative language hints at settle meanings that are not on the progress of this poem. They sugge st the very connection between man and nature, and mans desire to be take apart of the inwrought world.In this poem Wordsworth personifies the daffodils as people A host of golden daffodils / Fluttering and saltation in the breeze. (Lines 4 & 6) This personification is relating the ecosystem around this majestic lake to human nature exemplified in everyday life. The speaker wants to become a part of this natural dance and become part of natures flow. People constantly want to become part of nature and Wordsworth believes that he can become a cloud in these moments of epiphany I wandered lonely as a cloud (line 1) When he enters this surreal state during his recollections he also enters the sublime state of mind.The tone of this poem starts out as ecstatic, than somber, and than ecstatic. It only takes the speaker a recollection to overcome it and enter into the sublime. The stanzas in this poem go from being an astonishment of nature, to watching, to contemplating, to being lost i n thought, and then to being inspired by nature again. The poet is looking at this marvellous piece of nature and is struggling to disclose inspiration. He looks upon it with a pensive mood (Line 20) and becomes awfully upset and worried that he might not acknowledge revelations from the natural beauty in the world.He soon rises above this by reminiscing about his encounters in nature and being inspired later on. This changes to tone in the poem to go to blissful. This is not a poem of blissful landscapes and joyful cartwheels, scarce one of a crisis and recollections. The plot itself is quite simple, but it is what lies underneath the surface that can confuse some. It is of a poet looking for his state of tranquility wandering and discovering in a windy field of grasses with a small patch of daffodils dancing on the edge of a lake.This is a memory that delights the speaker and gives him contentment, 5 he will later recollect to this thought in a pursuit for inspiration, Wordsw orth writes They flash upon that inward eye / Which is the bliss of solitude (Lines 21 and 22) It is also a poem of crisis for all he does is gaze without thought. He wonders if he is no longer enthralled by beauty. His recollections of returning to the scene and the feeling of sublime and tranquility help to overcome this thought.When Wordsworth is in the field of daffodils and does not enter a state of serenity and transcendence I feel sorrow for him for the place he describes through the visual imagery is so stunning that not to find inspiration should be a sin. Wordsworth describes the daffodils as being Beside the lake, beneath the trees / Fluttering and dancing in the breeze (Lines 5 and 6) He shows how the daffodils are occurring in this natural and serene dance. This is a rare, minute, and breathtaking part of nature that should be partaken in by all who care to see it.He gazes and gazes, and is swept by his sensations, but does not realize or think about the transformitive power of this recollected image. The predicament that Wordsworth encounters was overcome to write a fine piece of poetry that contains figurative language, tone, theme, and imagery to prove a connection between man, nature, and the divine sprit. This poem is the foundation of Wordsworth that must be understood to go on to understanding poems such as The Prelude. Wordsworth and the Wordsworthian style is a magnificent one that should be experienced by all.

Five Important Nataraja Shrines of Tamil Nadu Essay

There are lots of temples in Tamil Nadu where shivah is adore as Nataraja. maestro Siva, as the god of dance is cognise as Nataraja. There are lots of temples in India and especially in Tamil Nadu where Siva is worshipped as Nataraja. But, there are mainly five places in Tamil Nadu where the cult of Nataraja is worshipped with gaiety and pomp. The dancing graven prototype Nataraja butt be seen in these Pancha sabbas or five halls of Tamil Nadu. The five temples Chidhambaram, Maduarai, Thiruvilankadu, Tirunelveli and Kutralam, are genuinely revered and is known as the five sabhas. It is said Lord shivah has danced at these five places as Nataraja the dancing form of Shiva, to benefit different devotees.Kanaka SabhaThe most important shrine for Nataraja is the Kanaka Sabha or golden hall at Chidambaram. The Nataraja dances here in the Ananda Tandava or the dance of bliss form and he is called Kanaka Sabhapati or the Lord of the Golden Hall. This temple has been sung in a lot of Dhevaram and Thiruvasakam. here(predicate) Lord Shiva is worshipped in all the three forms, namely, arupa which is called chitambara rahasyam, aruparupa shiva lingam and rupa nataraja. Nataraja was the favourite deity of the Chola kings of Tanjavur and hence they kept idol of Nataraja in all the Siva temples reinforced by them in various places in their empire in Tamil Nadu and all over in South India. Chidambaram marks an important stage of phylogeny of southern Indian architecture.Rajatha SabhaRajatha Sabha or silver hall (velli ambalam) at the Minakshi Sundareshwarar temple in Madurai is a nonher important Natarja shrine of Tamil Nadu. Nataraja is shown in a very rare posture here. He is shown his right leg raised and dancing on the dwarf (apasmara purusha) with his left(a) foot. Both the main image of stone (moolavar) and the processional image (utsava murti) in this shrine are in unusual posture. The usual posture of Nataraja is dancing with his right leg placed on the d warf with his left leg upraised. The change in posture of Nataraja here is linked with the legend (sthala-purana) of this place. It is said that the Pandyan king of Madurai was a devotee of Nataraja and under pressure from a bear on Chola king, tried to master dance. But while trying to do so, he realised the difficulty of the task.He was filled with agony to see his favourite deity dancing with his right foot always as he did feel while doing himself. So, he prayed Lord Nataraja to change his posture so that he does not get tired in a same posture. The Lord listened to his request and changed his posture. So, Nataraja is seen dancing on his left foot here. One of the five important shrines of Nataraja can be seen at Madurai in Tamil Nadu. Here the dancing posture of Ambalavanan (Lord Siva) with ten hands can be seen only in the Velli ambalam at Madurai. Here the dance performed by Nataraja is known as Paramananda Thandavam and also as Chokka Thandavam. It is also known as Sundara Tandavam.Tamra SabhaAnother important Nataraja shrine of Tamil Nadu is situated at the Nellaiappar temple in Tirunelveli. The Tamra Sabha or the hall of copper is found here in the vast campus. Here the icon of Lord Siva is made of bronze and is encircled by a prabha or aura of very attractive workmanship. It is said that the Nataraja image here was originally in the temple of Agnishwaram. Once a fire out broke here and then it was kept on the bed of a river. Later, it was brought to the Nellaiappar temple and worshipped here.Ratna SabhaThe Ratna Sabha or the hall of rubies in Tiruvalangadu is another(prenominal) important Nataraja shrine of Tamil Nadu. It takes approximately two hours from Chennai by road to reach Tiruvalangadu. The Lord here is called Ratna Sabhapati or the Lord of the Hall of rubies. There is a mythical story related to this place and the shrine. It is said that once Siva and saltwort had a dance contest. At that time Kali was in a very angry mood and could not be pacified easily. Initially, Kali gave a better performance than Siva.But, later Nataraja (Siva) performed the Tandava dance also known as the Chanda (terrific) tandava and lifted his leg up above his head. Then, Kali out of modesty accepted her defeat. Lord Nataraja won the contest but he also declared that Kali was second to none than himself in dance. There is a very stunning metal image of eight-armed Siva dancing in the Urdlwa Tandava can be seen in this temple. There is also a small shrine nearby and there is another metal image of Kali who is also eight-armed can be seen.Chitra SabhaThe utmost among the five Nataraja shrines in Tamil Nadu is situated at Kuttralam. The Chitra Sabha or the hall of paintings is found here in Kuttralam, which is famous for its waterfalls. Here the lord Siva is known as the Kuttralanathan. But, all the rituals conducted here are first offered for Nataraja and then for Kuttralanathan. Here, Nataraja is known as Ananda Nata-rajeshwarar or the God of Blissful Dance. Kuttralam has nine Water Falls 1. principal(prenominal) falls 2. Chitaruvi 3.Shenpagadevi falls 4. Thenaruvi 5. Five falls 6. Orchard falls 7. New falls 8. Tiger falls 9.Old Courtallam falls. Legends on Chitrasabhai goes like The wedding of Shiva and Parvathi attracted gigantic celestial crowd at Himalaya that Shiva requested Saint Agastyar to proced southwards to balance the earth, and Agastyar is said to have created the Shivalingam here by shrinking an image of Vishnu, hence the name Kutralam. The Chitra Sabha is located outside the areas of the main temple. It is actually a huge hall built in a typical Kerala style. A huge painting of Nataraja in Tanjavur style can be seen here.

Night World : Black Dawn Chapter 1

Maggie Neely woke up to the sound of her mother screaming.Shed gone to bed as usual, with Jake the GreatDane sprawled hard across her feet and the threecats jockeying for position around her head. Hercheek was resting on her open geometry book there were homework papers garbled among theblankets, along with fragments of potato chips andan empty bag. She was wearing her jeans and a flowered pajama top plus the only both socks shedbeen able to find last night one red velveteen anklet and one blue cotton plant slouch sock.Those particular socks would eventually meanthe difference between life and death for her, but at the moment Maggie had no idea of that.She was simply startled and disoriented frombeing wakened suddenly. Shed never heard thiskind of screaming in advance, and she wondered howshe could be so certain it was her mother doing it.Somethingreally bad is happening, Maggierealized slowly. The worst. The clock on her nightstand said 211A.M.And then before she even realized she was moving, she was lurching across her bedroom floor,with piles of dirtyclothes and sports equipmenttrying to trip her up. She banged her shin on a circular file in the middle of the roomand ploughed right on through. The hallway was dim,but the living room at the curio was blazing withlight and the screams were coming from there.Jake trotted along beside her. When they got tothe foyer by the living room he gave a half(a) growl,half bark.Maggie took in the whole scene in a glance. Itwas one of those moments when everythingchanges forever.The front door was open, letting in the cold airof a November night in Washington. Maggies father was wearing a short bathrobe and holding hermother, who was force and tearing at him as ifshe were trying to get away, screaming breathlesslyall the while. And in the doorway four quite a little were standing two sheriffs, a National Park ranger, and Sylvia Weald.Sylvia. Her brother Miless girlfriend.And knowledge hit her quick and hardasa c ontrive blow.My brother is dead, Maggie thought.

Impact Diet on Health

Diet makes people think as a slant loss regime. The majority of people think it is products with low calories, and serve you to control your weight. yet the literal meaning is a process of eating food or nutrients vitamins. Healthy diet and nutrition remove a positive impact on human health. On the other hand poor diets birth harmful lasting effects. If a human does not have a good diet the be wont have any nutrients to play the inside role of the soundbox. Nutrition helps your body to be strong and to fight against diseases.Unhealthy diet kindle have consequences with physical body, as well as fire affect your thinking and mental job. A poor diet can result to some(prenominal) health issues, such as heart disease, high blood pressure high levels of cholesterol, asthma, sometimes even diabetes. But a genuinely dangerous problem usu aloney caused by eating less than you are divinatory to can cause Anorexia.. This mental and physical disorder is usually found in athletes, models or concert dance dancers, who aim to exit thin day by day. This syndrome can be found in formula people who have an unhealthy poor diet.It is more towards a physiological disorder, there is a phase of Anorexia Nervosa is when person is constantly dieting carrying to an extreme level, and that is Dale. Dale is when people try to loose much more weight than necessary, and they still feel overweight. They see themselves as very fat, and thats what makes them to keep on loosing weight. Force aliment anorexic people does not utilization, since there brain is mentally trained not to eat, therefore they result throw up if they are force fed. Having a poor diet can result many physical effects related to the extreme weight loss.Heart rate can increase, BMR, in addition to the body temperature all drop to low levels. When the fat in the human body is used, the body breaks the muscle create from raw material for energy, and that can result to heart damage. As well as if this di sorder occurs in an age of puberty the body growth stops. Anorexic victims usually have low confidence level which in mainly cause of this disorder. The science has not found the exact intercession for this but however a microscopical treatment requires a team of professionals, physicians, nurses, psychiatrist and dieticians- to work together.Mental condition analysis is required to treat this. This treatment plan is developed that deals with physical effects of anorexia and mental reasons for its feature. It sometimes involves force feeding, and however does not work with most of the patients. The benefits of the treatment are that psychiatrists and dieticians try to convince the person to eat, as well as conditioned the reason for occurrence. A drawback is that there is no certain recruit for this, as well as it is very hard to encourage anorexic people to eat, it is very hard to put them back on the in force(p) track.At the same time as well as there is no medicine that ca n help to cure anorexic people. The social impact of anorexia is the relationship among family and friends can be in tense as the anorexic becomes more and more obsessed with not eating, and tried to stay away from gatherings and parties in disquietude of force feeding. As well as this disease can be caused by political reasons. E. g. in some countries the distribution of cops is equal and if a family is not able to feed the children that willing result to a poor diet and since the children are expected to work on the farms that means too much exertion and poor diet.And when the children get used to it, they do not feel hungry anymore and that is when anorexia can occur. what is more in some cultures or old traditions parents do not feed their daughters, or otherwise they will get fat and nobody will marry them. So they try to feed as least as possible and in addition to they can afford that much. If day by day they get less food than they are used to it, and get thin so much th at dont even realize. Also in some European countries they are forbidden to show slim models on TV and in mass media advertisement, since the fans admire it so much they follow the celebrity.By not showing them this it can help to prevent it. . Every human being should look after their diet they should apply all the vitamins nutrients their body requires. All individuals should have a diet, and shall be aware of the amount of nutrients they receive. Poor diet too consists of less nutrients, but also unhealthy food that does not help your body to cooperate with you. Anorexia is instantly very common among people. Not knowing the reason behind it. And after a person has anorexia it is most impossible to put him/her on the right track.Anorexia can lead to different stage, at a level where there is high risk of death. There are no single causes that may influence upon occurrence of anorexia. Usually, all 2 factors are brought into play The psychological factor- influence of the famil y and internal conflicts The social factor- influence of environment, expectation, sham (watching celebs on the TV, your friends around you, you are being insulted that you are fat) However there is no easy cure for this, so care for yourself, accept yourself, and you will never be caught into the trap of inferiority complex.

Writing Report: Sampling

2013 A Guide to Report Writing CONTENTS scalawag 1. 2 INTRODUCTION provision 2. 1 2. 2 2. 3 2. 4 3 1 2 gateway. 2 Purpose 2 Planning .. 2 Research . 3 CONTENTS OF A REPORT 3. 1 3. 2 3. 3 3. 4 3. 5 3. 6 3. 7 3. 8 3. 9 3. 10 3. 11 induction. 3 Title Page 3 Contents Page .. 3 The Summary The entrance 3 The Main Body of the Text .. 4 The Conclusion. 5 References . 5 Appendices . reciprocation Limits 5 Word/Page Guides . 6 7 4 STRUCTURE AND CLARITY 4. 1 4. 2 4. 3 display. 7 Structure Unity and Sequence . 7 Clarity the lend oneself of signposts 10 5 STYLE 5. 1 5. 2 5. 3 5. 4 5. 5 5. 6 admission.. 10 Words and Sentences 10 Tense . 11 routine of send backs and Diagrams .. 11 Presentation 1 How to remediate your style .. . 11 12 6 DATA PRESENTATION 6. 1 6. 2 6. 3 Introduction.. 12 Tables or write in codes? 12 The Use of Tables and figures in Reports . 12 14 7 USE OF REFERENCES 7. 1 7. 2 7. 3 7. 4Introduction.. 15 Why Use References? 15 Citing References in the Text.. 1 5 listing of References .. 16 16 REFERENCES 1 INTRODUCTION Effective scripted communication skills get out be of great(p) importance to you both at College and in your cargoner.The purpose of this document is to carry over service you to develop these skills by performing as a handy reference during the donnish Development module and the recess of your course. Effective indite communication depends on adapting your create verbally to the circumstances, to the nature of the message and, above all, to the requirements of the leader. For this reason, you will expect to physical exercise galore(postnominal) antithetic forms of communication in your c atomic number 18er. You whitethorn claim to salvage strain or technical reports, worry letters, memos, instruction manuals and so on. This guide concentrates on only one of these, the technical or business report.However, the principles make up ones mind out here founder to m both opposite types of communication. The g reat elements in effective report theme ar the planning and general organisation of the report, the structure of the content, the style of writing, the presentation of numerical and graphical information and the use of references. Each of these will be dealed in the foliates that follow. 1 2 2. 1 PREPARATION Introduction How do you set about writing your report? out front writing the report you essential(prenominal) identify the purpose, plan the circumscribe and research the material. 2. 2 Purpose Consider who the report is being write for.A college assignment for the module tutor will be read from cover to cover and will tax your understanding of the subject. However, in industry it is likely that around people wont scram cadence to read the full report so will only read the summary and resultants. Therefore you need to assess who the report is written for and what they be going to do with it. A nonher key point to dish out is wherefore you ar writing the report. A report should always defend a clear objective. Before you pour down writing ask yourself why do they wishing it what is the purpose what do they want it to cover what do they not want it to cover? . 3 Planning Writing reports involves gathering details. It is essential to start off by brainstorming what you beget been asked to do. A simple method of doing this is to indite down, in the shopping centre of a plain piece of paper, the most important word or briefly phrase, in that locationfore spell down any ideas that link to the purpose of the report. (See Mind Mapping Study Guide on Moodle) . 2. 4 Research (a) Preparing to do your research Before looking up references, sketch out the main things that you atomic number 18 looking for. This helps to make the research more purposeful, and shadower save you going off at a tangent or getting distracted.You will, of course, find out things which change your original outline. (b) Doing the research Take notes from as galor e(postnominal) different sources as you practically can books, journals, magazines, internet documents, etc. Useful Tips (1) Write your notes on a separate piece of paper or card index card for each reference. This go forths you to variety them out into a rational vagabond later on to match the structure of the report. (2) For each reference, write down full details of origin, title, chapter, date, etc. This can save lots of epoch when you come to write your reference list, as you wont learn to go back to the original documents. Section 7 ) 2 3 3. 1 CONTENTS OF A REPORT Introduction Technical and business reports are normally split into a series of sections which relieve oneself distinct and well recognised functions. These sections, in regularise of presentation, are the summary, introduction, main body of the change by reversal, the contendion (or interpretation) and the endpoint. They may be followed by a list of references and appendices. The functions of each of t hese sections are depict below. 3. 2 Title paginate The title page highlights the central theme of the report and ncludes the title, authors name, date and, if essential, the name of the person or organisation who commissioned the report. 3. 3 Contents Page The circumscribe page is a list of all your chapters, sections, aims, sub headings, appendices and illustrations. All provided the shortest of reports should have a circumscribe page. 3. 4 Summary The purpose of the summary is to give a very brief outline of the rest of the report for people who do not want to read the alone of it, or who want to slam what is in the report before reading it. The acid test is whether the content of the report is clear to mortal who reads only the summary.The summary should, in that respectfore, contain such information (from the introduction, main text, discussion and conclusion) that is needed to comprehend the circumscribe fully. The summary should be (a) written later on the rest of the report (b) presented at the start of the report (c) factual, concise, and in an appropriate style. (see Section 5 in this guide) The summary should not be a re-statement of the conclusion 3. 5 Introduction The purpose of the introduction is to tell the reader what the aim of the work is and how you are going to rein it (see also Section 4. 3).In other manner of speaking, you must tell the reader (a) what you are going to write about, (b) why you are going to write about it, (c) how you are going to deal with it. 3 The introduction should, therefore, involve a brief general background to the topic or task, a statement of the purpose of the work and an indication of the structure of the rest of the report. It may also include a statement to indicate link up areas that you are not going to deal with (a consideration of x and y is outside the background knowledge of this work). The introduction should be (a) brief (for a typical course assignment, ? 1 side), (b) clear and conc ise, (c) stimulating. 3. 6 Main Body of the Text (but dont put this as a heading ) Go back to Section 1 of the report does this introduction satisfy these criteria? The main body of the text should be arranged under a series of headings according to the purpose of the work. For example, if the work is a scientific investigation, or a survey of some sort, the headings may be Materials and Methods Results word of honor (See Useful Tip below) A homogeneous structure can be adopted for a whole range of task-based reports.For example, if you had to report to the farm charabanc on the reorganisation of the farm office, you might use headings such as Methods Used In The investigating Findings Alternative Courses of Action On the other hand, you may exclusively be required to review a topic put forward the sheep industry in the UK. In this exercise the text may be dissever by headings such as Organisation of The Sheep Industry Breeds Production Systems marketing There is, of cour se, a whole range of other ways of organising the material, but however you do it, the importance of a clear logical system cannot be overemphasised.This is discussed further in Section 5. Useful Tips Discussion (Have as a heading if separate section) The discussion is probably the most difficult section of a scientific report to write, but it is very important. In the discussion you should attempt to evaluate (comment critically) on the information presented in the main text. If, for example, you have come across any inconsistencies in the information presented, you should weigh up the evidence for each line within the discussion.If you have carried out your own research it is here you should compare your results with those of other published authors and, if the results differ, endure explanations for the differences. The good news is that once you have reached the end of the discussion, you should know just now what your 4 conclusions are 3. 7 Conclusion The purpose of the conc lusion is to draw out the message from the work and to suggest what the con successivenesss of that message are. It must be distinguished from the summary (which encapsulates the whole report) but should be included in it.In other words, the conclusion should say (a) what the body of the work tells us (b) what should be done about it (action, further research, etc. ). Thus, your conclusion on the reorganisation of the farm office might say, for example, that action x is the topper alternative and this should be implemented in the next two months Dont be worried if your conclusion is short provided you have discussed / interpreted the topic fully, a short conclusion helps the reader to understand. 3. 8 References References should be listed after the conclusion, but before the appendices.Correct presentation of references is important and is described in Section 7. 3. 9 Appendices Appendices are utilise to present material which is not necessary to an understanding of the report, b ut which may be reformative to the reader. By removing such inessential material (for example, extensive sets of data or supplementary information) from the body of the work, the communication is do simpler, shorter and clearer. 3. 10 Word / page limits Many assignment briefs have a word / page limit stated if it is a word limit, you will need to include an accurate word bet in your completed work.Please be aware that word / page limits are rigidly enforced so that any words / pages written after the limit has been reached will not be marked (or other penalties enforced as in the individual major project). 5 Count in Do not include Summary (text only) Reference list Introduction (text only) Appendices Main body (text only) Data in tables Discussion (if applicable text Results in tables only) Any figures (graphs, charts, diagrams) Conclusion (text only) Text displayed in tables Subheadings (summary etc) Captions for tables and figuresNB You need to read the ad hoc instructions f or final year projects as these may vary slightly from the above 3. 11 Word / page guide Occasionally, an assessment task may contain a word or page guide. This is intended to help you judge the number of words / pages you may need to complete the task. There is no specific penalty for work that falls short of or exceeds a word / page guide. 6 4 4. 1 STRUCTURE AND CLARITY Introduction Your aim in technical or business reports should be to make your meaning clear to the reader.In differentiate to do this you must ensure that your writing has a logical structure and that this structure is displayed to the reader by a whole series of signposts. These aspects are informed in this section. 4. 2 Structure Unity and Sequence A logical structure requires two things unity and sequence. The idea of unity is not an easy one to explain. To fall upon unity, it is necessary to separate the various discrete elements of what you want to say into self-contained packages. One way of doing this is to create a mind map that identifies key areas and their relationships fleck helping you to plan the project.Start by writing the central theme in the middle of the paper, and working outwards. skeletal frame 1 illustrates a way in which an assignment based on the Euro could be planned to achieve unity in this way Participating EU countries Non-participating EU countries Countries Summary Key events Implementation Timetable Euro Facts silver and Note Denominations European integration and economic & monetary union The Road To The Euro The EURO Exchange Rate giving medication & European Institutions Organisations Pros & Cons Political Economic Business / Trade Consumers Pro-Euro Anti-Euro Figure 1 Use of patterned notes 7Once you have identified the various topics in this way they can be organised into paragraphs, and paragraphs on related subjects can be organised into sections. It is then necessary to decide on a logical sequence for these sections and paragraphs. The sequenc e depends on the subject matter and the approach. For example it may be in chronological order (e. g. translation of the breeding cycle of sheep or a new product development process) in descending order of importance (e. g. factors affecting the yield of wheat or factors affecting food purchase) in ascending order of importance leading to a conclusion (e. . argument of a case). However, you should aim to present your ideas in an tenacious sequence so that a reader will follow the line of reasoning without difficulty. Determining the best sequence is not always an easy task, especially when dealing with hard subjects. If in doubt discuss your plan with your personal or module tutor they will be happy to help you cipher it out. 4. 3 Clarity the use of signposts To make your writing easy to read it is important to provide stalk signposts that tell the reader where s/he is and where s/he is going. about of the signposts you can use are listed below. a) Title Each piece of work sh ould have a clear descriptive title that gives a guide to the content of the work. You should avoid journalistic titles that tell you little. Thus, The Prevention and Control of Mastitis in the Dairy drove is preferable to Getting to Grips with Mastitis Contents Page All but the shortest of reports should have a contents page. Introduction The introduction should tell the reader what you are going to deal with and how. In foresighteder reports you may use an introduction in each section. Headings Headings and sub-headings should be used freely in technical and business writing.You may have been told not to use heading in English essays, but this does not hold in technical and business reports where headings are very helpful in making your meaning clear. For this reason it is important that the heading system reflects the structure of the report. You should, therefore, adopt a system of headings and sub-headings that intend the relationships of the various sections. (b) (c) (d) 8 Here, for example, is a diagram that shows the structure of a chapter in Burns and Bush (2000). The Nature of trade Research Marketing Marketing Research Defined The role of Marketing ResearchCharacteristics of Marketing Research Types of Marketing research Studies The Marketing Information system The Future of Market Research The Marketing Concept Marketing Strategy and so forth Etc. Etc. Etc. Components of an MIS Etc. Internal Reports Marketing Intelligence System Marketing close Support System Marketing Research System The heading system used in this case must be such that the reader knows, for example, that the section marked Internal Reports is part of the section on Components of an MIS, which is part of the section on The Marketing Information System.To achieve this all headings at the same level of sub-division must be the same. We might therefore have a series of headings as follows THE record OF MARKETING RESEARCH The Marketing Information system Components of an MIS In ternal Reports are defined.. (Bold capitals) (Bold lower case) (Indented rude lower case) (Indented bold lower case on same line as text) (e) Notation If it is necessary to cross reference to other sections of the report then a method of easily identifying the sections may be desirable. The most straightforward and generally used method of short letter is decimal numbering.It clearly shows the hierarchy of your thoughts. 1. 1. 6 THE NATURE OF MARKETING RESEARCH The Marketing Information system 1. 6. 1 Components of an MIS 1. 6. 1. 2 Internal Reports are defined.. 9 (f) Topic Sentences When you are reading you may find topic sentences a helpful device. These are sentences often found at the beginning of a paragraph, which are used as a summary of what is to follow. That is, they are used to make a general statement about the topic which is then developed further in the rest of the paragraph. Useful Tips There is a range of different systems of headings and notation you can use.But remember whichever you use, always be consistent throughout the report. 5 5. 1 STYLE Introduction Do not be frightened by the use of the word style. Style simply means the way you use words and sentences in your writing. The style of effective reports is direct, simple and straightforward. This is easy to say but more difficult to achieve as George Bernard Shaw once wrote I am sorry to have written such a long letter but I did not have time to write a short one. Some rules to help you follow. 5. 2 Words and Sentences George Orwell wrote some helpful rules for scientists who write.He utter a) never use two words when one word will do, b) never use a big word when a small one will do, c) never use a long sentence when a short one will do. Some examples of word savings are shown in Table 1 Table 1 Superfluous words and alternatives Better English as to now when so that in college thus planning Superfluous words on account of the fact that in order to at the present time on the occas ion of with the result that in the college purlieu it is apparent therefore forward planning 10 5. 3 Tense Reports are normally written in the past tense and impersonally. e. g.It is recommended that NOT I recommend that neer write you.. 5. 4 Use of Tables and Diagrams Never use words when you can put your message in come (use a table). Never use numbers when you can use a picture (a diagram or graph) pictures are clearer than numbers numbers are clearer than prose and both save words. But always remember tables and diagrams do need some words of explanation. (Section 6) 5. 5 Presentation Be aware that lowly laid out work, which is badly sequenced with poor word processing or handwriting, frequent spell out mistakes and incorrect grammar will lose you marks. . 6 How to mitigate your style Remember anyone can improve their writing skills through hard work, constructive feedback and practice. Below are some key tips for improving your style. a) Work with a rough design. Complet e a rough draft and leave for a few days then re-read it or ask a friend to read it and make comments. This gives you time to reflect on your report. b) Avoid jargon. Never use jargon unless a) it saves words and b) your readers will understand it. c) Keep it clear and straightforward. A good style is one which is clear and concise so the reader can easily follow it.Useful Tips Always check your work. Before you hand in any work, be it an assignment or an exam script, check it for errors in accuracy such as spelling and punctuation, readability and flow and clarity of structure Avoid plagiarism. You know the penalties (see the plagiarism section in the Academic Development module on Moodle) A CHALLENGE when you have written your draft copy go through it and see if you can remove 25% of the words without changing the meaning. 11 6 6. 1 DATA PRESENTATION Introduction We have already mentioned the value of tables and diagrams in saving words.They also help to make your message clear. H owever, they will only do this if the data is accurate and properly presented in the text. Some simple guidelines on this follow. 6. 2 Tables or Figures? A picture is worth a thousand words All material in your report that is not prose is called either a figure or a table (although photographs are known as plates). Figures include diagrams, graphs and charts. Figures are to be preferred to tables and prose, especially when complex relationships are involved. Tables are necessary when it is important to know exactly what the numbers are.Figures There are many different ways of presenting information as figures. Which one you choose depends on the purpose of the figures, and the nature of the data. Again, there are a number of important rules in presenting data in figures. Some ideas can be found in Figure 2. Tables There are different types of tables for different purposes. Usually tables in reports are intended to demonstrate or support a particular point being made in the text. The y therefore need to be designed to fulfil this purpose. A few guidelines on the presentation of consequence tables are given in Table X in Figure 3. . 3 The Use of Tables and Figures in Reports Numbering In technical reports tables and figures (Table 1n and Figure 1-n) should be numbered in sequence to allow you to refer to them in the text. Captions All tables and figures must have full, clear and stated captions telling the reader exactly what the numbers and units are. The golden rule is that the message of any table or figure must be clear in isolation from the text. Captions go above a table but below a figure. Reference in the text You must always refer to the table or figure in the text before you come to it.Do not repeat details of the table or figure, but summarize what it shows e. g. element yield response to successive increments of utilize nitrogen shows the law of diminishing returns (Figure 1 Table X). Source You must always give the source of the data depicted. L isting List tables and figures after the contents page. 12 50 (% of respondents) Components easy to see and compare All units clearly identified Key to explain bars 25 Axis starts from 0 0 Extremely authorized Very Important Important Not at all Important 2000 2003 Reference clearly statedSource HAUC Consumer Attitude Survey (2000 and 2003) Figure X Comparison of Consumer Attitudes in 2000 and 2003 to the importance of price as a factor when buying food (% of respondents) Numbered in sequence for ease of reference in text Clear, full and explicit title UNDERNEATH get into Figure 2 Presentation of Figures (Example Data Only) 13 Grain yield response to successive increments of applied nitrogen follows the law if diminishing returns (Table X) Reference in text before table showing what the table shows Numbered in sequence for ease of reference in text All units clearly identifiedClear, full and explicit title AT THE TOP Units given as high in the table as potential to avoid repetitio n. If all units are the same they should be included in the title. Table X Grain yield response of wheat to successive increments of applied nitrogen Applied N (kg/ha) 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 Yield of wheat (t/ha) 2. 50 3. 50 4. 30 5. 00 5. 20 5. 20 5. 00 Responses to successive applications of 25kg of N (t/kg) +1. 00 +0. 80 +0. 70 +0. 20 0. 00 -0. 20 (Source Bloggs, 2003) Numbers to be compared presented in columns, not rows Columns arranged in some natural order of sizeReference clearly stated Figure 3 Presentation of Tables NB If you are presenting data in a table that you have created yourself, show this by putting (Source Authors own) under the table. 14 7 7. 1 USE OF REFERENCES Introduction Technical writing sometimes includes a bibliography but always includes a list of references. They have different purposes. A bibliography is a systematic list of sources of information on a particular subject which have been consulted although specific facts from them have not been cited in the text.References are the sources of information which have been cited in the text as evidence for statements and assertions. This section provides an introduction to the purpose of using references and the rules which govern their use. 7. 2 Why Use References? In higher education and research, unsupported assertions are not acceptable. In other words, you cannot simply say that something is so without providing supporting evidence. Evidence can be obtained or it can be provided by reference to literary productions of someone who has published such research or who is an acknowledged authority on the subject.Naturally, this does not apply when your assertion is something that is widely understood. It does, however, apply to anything that is new, little known or open to argument. If I said that Shropshire sheep have four legs I would not need to provide evidence. If I said that they have five legs there may be some who would doubt my word. In such a case I would need to provide ev idence, either by doing research (counting the number of legs of randomised samples of the Shropshire sheep population), or by reference to the writing of an authority on this subject who had done such work. . 3 Citing References in the Text In order to draw the readers attention to the supporting evidence you simply write the surname of the author and the date of publication of the paper or book in the text. This can be done in more than one way, thus It has recently been shown that Shropshire sheep have five legs (Smith, 2012). or Smith (2012) recently demonstrate that Shropshire sheep have five legs. The reader now knows that you have an authority for your statement.

Revolutionizing the World’s Top Corporations “SIX SIGMA” Essay

OBJECTIVEThis termination paper is knowing as a part of the curriculum. It helped me to tap into the power of the half-dozen Sigma movement thats transforming almost of the homo races most successful companies. sextette Sigma initiatives nonplus t wholeied billions of dollars in retortances, dramatic increases in speed, strong bargon-ass node relationshipsin short, remarkable cores and rave reviews.SIX SIGMA half a dozen Sigma is now according to m all an(prenominal) task development and select purifyment experts, the most popular office methodology in history. six Sigma is surely a very cosmic patience in its own right, and half dozen Sigma is now an enormous set in the world of corpo array development. half a dozen Sigma began in 1986 as a statistic on the wholey-based method to reduce interpretation in electronic manu incidenturing moti geniuss in Motorola Inc in the USA. Today, around twenty years on, sise Sigma is phthisis as an all-encompassing ar gumentation writ of execution methodology, all over the world, in establishments as diverse as local anaesthetic anesthetic governance departments, prisons, hospitals, the armed forces, banks, and multi-nationals corporations. piece six Sigma implementation continues apace in umpteen of the worlds largest corporations, m each organizations and suppliers in the consulting and instruct communities redeem excessively seized on the 6 Sigma concept, to package and provide all straighten outs of 6 Sigma branded training reapings and consultancy and services. sextuplet Sigma has likewise spawned many and various trading enterprise obliges on the subject. 6 Sigma, it skill seem, is taking over the world.Interestingly while sise Sigma has become a very widely utilize generic term, the name sixer Sigma is in reality a registered trademark of Motorola Inc., in the USA, who first pi wizered six-spot Sigma methods in the 1980s. The original and technically correct spelli ng seems to be Six Sigma, quite than 6 Sigma, although in recent years Motorola and GE give birth some(prenominal)ly since real their own sexy Six Sigma password utilise the number six and the Grecian sigma character. Six Sigma is now a international brand and some social occasion of a revolution. But what is Six Sigma? Sigma is a totalment that deputes how a swear stunned is performing. Six Sigma stands for Six Standard Deviations (Sigma is the Greek letter used to represent measuring rod deviation in statistics) from wet. Six Sigma methodologies provide the proficiencys and tools to meliorate the readiness and reduce the taints in any serve. Six Sigma is a fact-based, data-driven philosophy of remediatement that quantifys defect measure over defect detection. Philosophy The philosophical perspective views all wricks as a operation that stomach be defined,measured, analyzed, amend & control conduct (DMAIC). Processes pick out inputs & produce outputs. If you control the inputs, you entrust control the outputs. This is generally verbalised as the y= f (x) concept. Set of Tools Six Sigma as a set of tools allow ins all the qualitative and quantitative techniques used by the six sigma experts to drive summons improvement.A few such tools allow statistical process control (SPC), Control charts, misfortune mode & effects analysis, process mapping and so forth Methodology This view of Six Sigma recognizes the underlying and rigorous approach known as DMAIC. DMAIC defines the steps a Six Sigma practiti mavenr is expected to follow, starting with identifying the problem and ending with the implementation of long-lasting solutions While DMAIC is non and Six Sigma Methodology in use, it is certainly the most widely watched and recognized. Metrics In simple terms, Six Sigma part performance means 3.4 defects per zillion opportunitiesHISTORYSince the 1920s the word sigma has been used by mathematicians and engineers as a symbol for a unit of measuring rod in product quality variation. (note its sigma with a small s because in this context sigma is a generic unit of measurement.) In the mid-1980s engineers in Motorola Inc in the USA used Six Sigma an an informal name for an in-house initiative for trim wad defects in business processes, because it represented a suitably high level of quality. (Note here its Sigma with a big S because in this context Six Sigma is a branded name for Motorolas initiative.) (Certain engineers had varying opinions as to whether the very first was Mikal Harry felt that measuring defects in terms of thousands was an insufficiently rigorous normal. on that pointfrom they increased the measurement scale to parts per trillion, described as defects per million, which prompted the use of the six sigma spoken language and dragion of the capitalised Six Sigma branded name, given that six sigma was deemed to equate to 3.4 parts or defects per million.) In the former(a)-1980s follo wing the success of the above initiative, Motorola extended the Six Sigma methods to its diminutive business processes, and portentously Six Sigma became a formalised in-house branded name for a performance improvement methodology, i.e., beyond purely defectreducing, in Motorola Inc.In 1991 Motorola certified its first Black Belt Six Sigma experts, which indicates the experiencenings of the formalisation of the accredited training of Six Sigma methods. In 1991 also, every(prenominal)ied Signal, (a large avionics company which merged with H iodineywell in 1999), adopted the Six Sigma methods, and claimed significant improvements and cost savings within six months. It seems that Allied Signals recent chief operating officer Lawrence Bossidy wise to(p) of Motorolas work with Six Sigma and so approached Motorolas CEO Bob Galvin to learn how it could be used in Allied Signal. In 1995, universal galvanisings CEO whoreson Welch (Welch knew Bossidy since Bossidy once worked for Wel ch at GE, and Welch was impressed by Bossidys achievements using Six Sigma) decided to implement Six Sigma in GE, and by 1998 GE claimed that Six Sigma had generated over trio- natess of a billion dollars of cost savings. By the mid-1990s Six Sigma had developed into a transferable branded corporate direction initiative and methodology, notably in General Electric and other(a) large manufacturing corporations, tho also in organizations outside the manufacturing sector.By the year 2000, Six Sigma was in effect established as an fabrication in its own right, involving the training, consultancy and implementation of Six Sigma methodology in all sorts of organisations around the world. That is to say, in a little over ten years, Six Sigma quickly became not provided a hugely popular methodology used by many corporations for quality and process improvement, Six Sigma also became the subject of many and various training and consultancy products and services around which developed ve ry many Six Sigma hold organizationsCENTRAL CONCEPTSWe can clearly observe from the definitions and history of Six Sigma that many citizenry consider the model to be capable of leveraging huge performance improvements and cost savings. N matchless of this of flight happens on its own. Teams and group leaders ar an essential part of the Six Sigma methodology. Six Sigma is therefore a methodology which begs and encourages team leaders and teams to take province for implementing the Six Sigma processes. Significantly these mickle need to be trained in Six Sigmas methods in particular the use of the measurement and improvement tools, and in communication theory and relationship skills, unavoidable to call for and serve the needs of the internal and external guests andsuppliers that form the overcritical processes of the organizations be deporty chains. Training is therefore also an essential element of the Six Sigma methodology, and lots of it. Six Sigma teams and nota bly Six Sigma team leaders (Black Belts) use a vast array of tools at each stage of Six Sigma implementation to define measure, analyse and control variation in process quality, and to manage masses, teams and communications.When an organization decides to implement Six Sigma, first the executive team has to decide the strategy which might typically be termed an improvement initiative, and this base strategy should think on the essential processes necessary to brook node expectations. This could amount to twenty or thirty business process. At the top level these are the main processes that enable the organization to add nurture to goods and services and supply them to guests. Implicit within this is an in spotect of what the customers internal and external actually trust and need. A team of managers (Black Belts normally) who own this processes is responsible for identifying and perceptiveness these processes in detail, and also grounds the levels of quality (especially tolerance of variation) that customers (internal and external) expect, and and then Measuring the effectiveness and efficiency of each process performance notably the sigma performance ie., is the number of defects per million operations (pro-rate if appropriate of course). The theory is wholly logical understanding and then improving the most essential manner of speaking-chain processes will naturally increase efficiency, customer satisf live up to, competitive advantage, and pro conniptionability. Easily said tricky to achieve which is what the Six Sigma methodology is for.SIX SIGMA PROCESSThe term six sigma process comes from the notion that if one has six standard deviations in the midst of the process mean and the nearest judicial admission find out, as shown in the graph, practically no items will fail to meet specifications. This is based on the calculation method employed in process capability studies. Capability studies measure the number of standard deviations between the process mean and the nearest specification delineate in sigma units. As process standard deviation goes up, or the mean of the process moves away from the centre of the tolerance, fewer standard deviations will fit between the mean and the nearest specification limit,decreasing the sigma number and increasing the the likelihood of items outside specificationSCALE OF MEASUREMENTThe table below gives long-term DPMO values corresponding to various short-term sigma levels. It mustinessiness be understood that these see to its assume that the process mean will shift by 1.5 sigma toward the side with the critical specification limit. In other lyric, they assume that after the initial study determining the short-term sigma level, the long-termCpk value will turn out to be 0.5 less than the short-term Cpk value. So, for example, the Defective parts per million opportunities (DPMO) figure given for 1 sigma assumes that the long-term process mean will be 0.5 sigma beyond th e specification limit (Cpk = 0.17), alternatively than 1 sigma within it, as it was in the short-term study (Cpk = 0.33). Note that the defect percentages indicate solely defects exceeding the specification limit to which the process mean is nearest. Defects beyond the far specification limit are not included in the percentages.Sigma levelDPMOPercent defectivePercentage yield short-run CpkLong-term Cpk1691,46269%31%0.330.172308,53831%69%0.670.17366,8076.7%93.3%1.000.546,2100.62%99.38%1.330.8352330.023%99.977%1.671.1763.40.00034%99.99966%2.001.5METHODOLOGYSix Sigma flips follow deuce working class methodologies inspired by Demings Plan-Do-Check-Act Cycle. These methodologies, make up of five phases each, bear the acronyms DMAIC and DMADV. DMAIC is used for projects aimed at improving an existing business process. DMADV is used for projects aimed at creating a new product or process construct. The DMAIC project methodology has five phases Define the problem, the voice of the cust omer,and the project deaths, specifically. Measure get word aspects of the current process and attract relevant data. Analyze the data to assignigate and see cause-and-effect relationships. Determine what the relationships are, and attempt to ensure that all factors fix been considered. Seek out root cause of the defect under investigation. Improve or optimize the current process based upon data analysis using techniques such as cast of experiments, poka yoke or mistake proofing, and standard work to create a new, future subject process. Set up pilot runs to establish process capability. Control the future state process to ensure that any deviations from target are corrected before they result in defects. carry through control musical arrangements such as statistical process control, fruit boards, visual oeuvres, and constantly monitor the process. near organizations add a Recognize step at the beginning, which is to recognize the right problem to work on, thereof yie lding an RDMAIC methodology.DMADV or DFSSThe DMADV project methodology, known as DFSS (Design For Six Sigma),features five phases Define design goals that are consistent with customer demands and the enterprise strategy. Measure and identify CTQs (characteristics that are Critical To note), product capabilities, production process capability, and risks. Analyze to develop and design alternatives, create a high-level design and evaluate design capability to select the best design. Design flesh out, optimize the design, and plan for design verification. This phase whitethorn require simulations. Verify the design, set up pilot runs, implement the production process and hand it over to the process owner(s).THE TOOLS AND THEMESLike most great inventions, Six Sigma is not all new. While some themes of Six Sigma line up out of fairly recent breakthroughs in management thinking, others have their foundation in super acid sense. in front you dismiss that origin as no big deal, wed remin d you of a saying leafy vegetable sense is the least common of the senses. From a toolsperspective, Six Sigma is a pretty vast universe. The much we have learned over the years approximately the Six Sigma system, the more we have come to see it as a way to link togetherand steady to implementmany otherwise disconnected ideas, trends, and tools in business today. Some of the hot topics that have direct application or can complement a Six Sigma initiative include e-Commerce and ServicesEnterprise Resource PlanningLean manufacturingCustomer family relationship counsel systemsStrategic business partnershipsKnowledge managementActivity-based managementThe process-centred organizationGlobalization middling-in-time take stock/productionSix Themes of Six SigmaWell close out this introductory odor at Six Sigma by distilling the critical elements of this leadership system into six themes. These principles choke offed by the many Six Sigma tools and methods well be presenting throughou t this bookwill give you a preview of how well help you make Six Sigma work for your business.Theme wholeness Genuine Focus on the CustomerDuring the big Total Quality push of the 1980s and 1990s, heaps of companies wrote policies and mission statements vowing to meet or exceed customer expectations and requirements. Unfortunately, however, few businesses tried very hard to improve their understanding of customers requirements or expectations. Even when they did, customer data-gathering typically was a one-time or short-lived initiative that unheeded the dynamic nature of customer needs. In Six Sigma, customer focus becomes the top priority. For example, the measures of Six Sigma performance begin with the customer. Six Sigma improvements are defined by their impact on customer satisfaction andvalue. Well look at why and how your business can define customer requirements, measure performance against them, and stay on top of new developments and unmet needs.Theme Two Data- and Fac t-Driven ManagementSix Sigma takes the concept of management by fact to a new, more powerful level. Despite the forethought paid in recent years to measures, improved teaching systems, knowledge management, etc., it should come as no shock to you to hear that many business decisions are still being based on opinions and assumptions. Six Sigma discipline begins by clarifying what measures are name to gauging business performance then it applies data and analysis so as to build an understanding of key variables and optimize results. At a more down-to-earth level, Six Sigma helps managers answer two essential questions to support fact-driven decisions and solutions1. What data/information do I really need?2. How do we use that data/information to maximum benefit?Theme Three Process Focus, Management, and ImprovementIn Six Sigma, processes are where the action is. Whether designing products and services, measuring performance, improving efficiency and customer satisfactionor even run ning the businessSix Sigma positions the process as the key vehicle of success. One of the most remarkable breakthroughs in Six Sigma rides to date has been convincing leaders and managersparticularly in the service-based functions and industriesthat mastering processes is not just a necessary evil barely actually a way to build competitive advantage in delivering value to customers. There are many more people to convince with huge dollar opportunities tied up in those activities.Theme Four Proactive ManagementMost simply, being proactive signifies acting in advance of events the resister of being reactive. In the real world, though, proactive management means fashioning habits out of what are, too often, neglected business practices defining ambitious goals and reviewing them frequently setting clear priorities focusing on problem prevention versus firefighting questioning why we do things instead of blindly support them as how we do things here. Being truly proactive, far fro m being boring or overly analytical, is actually a starting point for creativity and effective counter transmute. Reactively bouncing from crisis to crisis makes you very busygiving a false impression that youre on top of things. In reality, its a sign of a manager or an organization thats lost control. Six Sigma, as well see, encompasses tools and practices that replace reactive habits with a dynamic, responsive, proactive style of management. Considering todays slim-margin-for-error competitive environment, being proactive is (as the airline commercial said) the only way to fly.Theme Five Boundary less CollaborationBoundary less is one of shite Welchs mantras for business success. Years before launching Six Sigma, GEs chairman was works to break down barriers and improve teamwork, up, down, and a tangle organizational lines. The opportunities available through improved collaborationism with in companies and with their vendors and customers are huge. Billions of dollars are rem aining on the table (or on the floor) every(prenominal) day, because of disconnects and outright competition between groups that should be working for a common cause providing value to customers. As noted above, Six Sigma expands opportunities for collaboration as people learn how their roles fit into the big picture and can recognize and measure the interdependency of activities in all parts of Process. Boundary less collaboration in Six Sigma does not mean selfless sacrifice, but it does require an understanding of twain the real needs of end users and of the flow of work through a process or a supply chain. Moreover, it demands an attitude that is committed to using customer and process knowledge to benefit all parties. Thus, the Six Sigma system can create an environment and management structures that support true teamwork.Theme Six Drive for Perfection ToleranceThis last theme may seem contradictory. How can you be driven to achieve absoluteion and yet also tolerate failu re? In essence, though, the two ideas are complementary. No company will get anywhere close to Six Sigma without launching new ideas and approacheswhich always involve some risk. If peoplewho see a possible itinerary to better service, get off costs, new capabilities, etc. (i.e. ways to be closer-to-perfect) are too afraid of the consequences of mistakes, theyll neer try. The result stagnation, putrefaction, death. Fortunately, the techniques well review for improving performance include a significant dose of risk management (if youre going to fail, make it a safe failure). The bottom line, though, is that any company that makes Six Sigma its goal will have to constantly push to be evermore- perfect (since the customers definition of perfect will always be changing) while being willing to acceptand manageoccasional setbacks. around SUCCESS STORIESSeeing the impact that Six Sigma is having on some leading companies sets the stage for understanding how it can impact your business. As we relate some of these results, well also be reviewing the history that has brought Six Sigma to the forefrontGeneral ElectricSix Sigma has forever changed GE. Everyonefrom the Six Sigma zealots emerging from their Black Belt tours, to the engineers, the auditors, and the scientists, to the senior leadership that will take this Company into the new millenniumis a true believer in Six Sigma, the way this Company now works. GE Chairman John F. Welch1 When a high-profile corporate leader* starts using words like unbalanced or lunatics in connection with the future of the companyyou might expect a plunge in the companys share price. At General Electric, however, that passion and drive fuck Six Sigma have produced some very positive results. The hard verse behind GEs Six Sigma initiative tell just part of the story. From an initial year or so of break-even efforts, the outlet has accelerated $750 million by the end of 1998, a forecasted $1.5 billion by the end of 1999, and expect ations of more billions down the road. Some Wall Street analysts have predicted $5 billion in gains from the effort, early in the decade. GEs operating marginsfor decades in the 10 percent rangecontinue to hit new records quarter after quarter. The numbers are now consistently above 15 percent, and even higher in some periods. GE leaders cite this margin expansion as the most visible picture of the financial contribution do by Six Sigma.Improvements from Services to ManufacturingThe financial big picture, though, is just a reflection of the many individual successes GE has achieved through its Six Sigma initiative. For example A Six Sigma team at GEs Lighting unit repaired problems in its billing to one of its top customersWal-Mart press cutting invoice defects and disputes by 98 percent, speeding payment, and creating better productivity for both(prenominal) companies. A group led by a staff attorneya Six Sigma team leaderat one of GE Capitals service businesses streamlined the c ontract review process, leading to faster termination of dealsin other words, more responsive service to customersand annual savings of $1 million. GEs Power Systems group addressed a major irritant with its utility company customers, simply by ontogeny a better understanding of their requirements and improving the documentation provided along with new power equipment. The result Utilities can respond more effectively to their regulatory agencies, and both the utilities and GE have saved hundreds of thousands of dollars a year. The Medical Systems businessGEMSused Six Sigma design techniques to create a breakthrough in health check scanning technology. Patients can now get a full-body scan in half a minute, versus three minutes or more with previous technology. Hospitals can increase their usage of the equipment and achieve a lower cost per scan, as well. GE Capital Mortgage analyzed the processes at one of its top performing branches andexpanding these best practices across its other 42 branchesimproved the rate of a caller reaching a live GE person from 76 to 99 percent. Beyond the much greater convenience and responsiveness to customers, the improved process is translating into millions of dollars in new business.The Actions behind the ResultsGEs successes are the result of a passionate commitment and effort. Notes Welch In nearly four decades with GE I have never seen any Company initiative move so willingly and so rapidly in pursuit of a big idea.2 Tens of thousands of GE managers and associates have been trained in Six Sigma methodsa hefty investing in time and money (which is appropriately deducted from the gains cited earlier). The training has gone well beyondBlack Belts and teams to include every manager and professional at GEand many front-line people as well. Theyve instilled a new vocabulary revolving around customers, processes, and measurement. While dollars and statistical tools seem to get the most publicity, the emphasis on customers is in all probability the most remarkable element of Six Sigma at GE. As Jack Welch explains it The best Six Sigma projects begin not inside the business but outside it, focused on answering the questionhow can we make the customer more competitive? What is critical to the customers success? . . . One thing we have discovered with certainty is that anything we do that makes the customer more successful inevitably results in a financial return for us.AlliedSignal/HoneywellAlliedSignalwith the new name of Honeywell following its 1999mergeris a Six Sigma success story that connects Motorola and GE. It was CEO Larry Bossidya long time GE executive, who took the helm at Allied in 1991who convinced Jack Welch that Six Sigma was an approach worth considering. (Welch had been one of the few top managers not to become enamoured of the TQM movement in the 1980s and early 1990s). Allied began its own quality improvement activities in the early 1990s, and by 1999 was saving more than $600 million a year, thanks to the widespread employee training in and application of Six Sigma principles.5 Not only were Allieds Six Sigma teams reducing the costs of reworking defects, they were applying the same principles to the design of new products like aircraft engines, reducing the time from design to certification from 42 to 33 months. The company credits Six Sigma with a 6 percent productivity increase in 1998 and with its record profit margins of 13 percent. Since the Six Sigma effort began, the firms market value hadthrough fiscal year 1998climbed to a compounded 27 percent per year. Allieds leaders view Six Sigma as more than just numbersits a statement of our determination to pursue a standard of excellence using every tool at our disposal and never hesitating to reinvent the way we do things. As one of Allieds Six Sigma directors puts it Its changed the way we think and the way we communicate. We never used to slop about the process or the customer now theyre part of our everyd ay conversation. AlliedSignals Six Sigma leadership has helped it earn recognition as theworlds best-diversified company and the most admired global aerospace company .IMPACTThere are many well known companies that have apply Six Sigma programs and reached astounding results. Companies like General Electric, Motorola, Ford, Honeywell and American standard have all reaped the benefits of successful Six Sigma quality programs. Motorola claims to have saved $17 billion from 1986 to 2004 by successfully implementing their strategies throughout all departments of the company. The other companies have achieved staggering results such as cutting invoice defects and disputes, streamlined contract processes, reduction in project duration, waste ejection, reduced energy costs and increased production capacity. By understanding the philosophy and deploying the program, these companies have succeeded in making themselves more efficient and more profitable for their stakeholders. Companies wis hing to make changes to their quality system should research this and consider Six Sigma as an option.BENEFITSIt is clear that many companies have capitalized on the application of Six Sigma to their business model. If we look deeper into the appeal of Six Sigma, past the historical quantitative gains, we will find several benefits that companies find attractive. 1. Generates sustained success The only way to sustain a high level of exploitation is to continually innovate and remake the organization. A Six Sigma process creates the skills and culture to achieve this straight process improvement cycle. 2. Sets a performance goal for everyone a company is made up of multiple departments with antithetical tasks and preys. Six Sigma provides a common objective for all departments to be as close to perfect as possible. The idea is that if you understand the customers requirements, then you can measure for defects. 3. Enhances Customer Value The focus of Six Sigma is understanding what the customer requirements are and delivering a product or service within those requirements. 4. Increases the rate of improvement Six Sigma helps a company stay on top of its improvement efforts by constantly updating requirements and identifying defects before they happen.5. Promotes Learning Six sigma brings experts together with novices to manage the process and teach the Six Sigma way of business. Companies that use Six Sigma view it as learning tool that is critical to their success. 6. Executes strategic change Six Sigma gives you a better understanding of your company processes. The philosophy is tied back to the company goals so when its time for change there is a higher probability of success.NEGATIVESJust like any other quality improvement initiatives we have seen in the past, Six Sigma has its own limitations. The following are some of the limitations of Six Sigma which create opportunities for future research 1. Kills Creativity Six Sigma gives emphasis on the r igidity of the process which basically contradicts the innovation and kills the creativity. The innovative approach implies deviations in production, the redundancy, the unusual solutions, insufficient study which are opposite to Six Sigma principles.2. Role of consultants The use of Black Belts as itinerant change agents has (controversially) fostered an industry of training and certification. Critics plead there is overselling of Six Sigma by too great a number of consulting firms, many of which claim expertise in Six Sigma when they have only a rudimentary understanding of the tools and techniques involved.3. Rigid A more direct criticism is the rigid nature of Six Sigma with its over-reliance on methods and tools. In most shimmys, more attention is paid to reducing variation and searching for any significant factors and less attention is paid to developing robustness in the first place (which can altogether eliminate the need for reducing variation.)4. literary criticism of the 1.5 sigma shift The 1.5 sigma shift has also become contentious because it results in stated sigma levels that reflect short-term rather than long-term performance a process that has long-term defect levels corresponding to 4.5 sigma performance is, by Six Sigma convention, described as a six sigma process.. The accepted Six Sigma scoring system gum olibanum cannot be equated to actual normal distribution probabilities for the stated number of standard deviations, and this has been a key operating system of contention over how Six Sigma measures are defined.APPLICATIONSIn pharmaceutical industry, adoption of the Six Sigma technique helped the industry reduce wastage and rework involved in the production. It was said that 5-10% of medicines produced during a period were to be discarded or modified due to the defects. The adoption of Six Sigma helped the pharmaceutical companies to reduce the errors in the production.Airline industry had to adopt the Six Sigma metrics for its survival. The increased cost of fuel, the competition driven by low budget airlines, etc has made the need for lower cost without a hit to quality the need of the hour. The number of errors in use the calls from customers, and ticketing is to be minimised drastically. It was with this intention that the airline industry adopted Six Sigma into the organisation. Indian companies like Kingfisher, Jet Airways, and Indian Airlines, all have adopted Six Sigma technique into its process.Hospitality services are another industry which benefited by the adoption of Six Sigma techniques. Providing personalised service to each and every customer by turn to their demands within a limited time without comprising the quality was aided by the Six Sigma matrices. The Six Sigma technique is adopted in every field from maintaining full occupancy to efficient housekeeping, ensuring a balanced inventory supply, and to minimise wastage in the inventory. Starwood hotels and resorts Inc was the first com pany to adopt Six Sigma in the hospitality sector.Steel industries like TISCO use this technique to minimise the inadequacies in the design, imperfect products, etc. I. Logistics, insurance, call centres, all embrace the Six Sigma techniques for improving the quality of service provided by them. Six Sigma goes in to the details of improving customer service, generating business expansion and gaining knowledge about the service sectors business processes. Most service industries revolve around field of operations of finance, human resources and sales and marketing. Hence, Six Sigma delves deeply into the subject of soft skill. Irrespective of the type of industry, all companies have to adopt Six Sigma techniques as quality and timely delivery are crucial for their survival.SOME COMMON CONFUSUIONSKAIZEN Kaizen, is a Japanese word, meaning improvement, or change for the better refers to philosophy or practices that focus upon continuous improvement of processes in manufacturing, engi neering, and business management. When used in the business sense and applied to the workplace, kaizen refers to activities that continually improve all functions, and involves all employees from the CEO to the assembly line workers. It also applies to processes, such as purchasing and logistics that cross organizational boundaries into the supply chain. By improving standardized activities and processes, kaizen aims to eliminate waste (see lean manufacturing). Kaizen was first implemented in several Japanese businesses after the Second World War, influenced in part by American business and quality management teachers who visited the country. It has since spread throughout the world and is now being implemented in many other venues besides just business and productivity. Six Sigma process involves employees at every level to improve a process. The theory is that a machine operator is best suited to identify the waste environ that machine. Employees participate in KAIZENS (a sort of quality circle) to eliminate all the waste along the process of delivering to customers. Everything left over is meaningful and profitable work. Generally, the employees themselves are empowered to recognize the need for an improvement, and to make that change immediately. inclination SIX SIGMA Lean Six Sigma is a synergized managerial concept of Lean and Six Sigma that results in the elimination of the seven kinds of wastes (classified as Defects, Overproduction, Transportation, Waiting, Inventory, Motion and Over-Processing) and provision of goods and service at a rate of 3.4 defects per million opportunities Six Sigma as well is far more data-driven than Lean Six Sigma (and Lean). A Six Sigma level is, again, 3.4 defects per million a Five Sigma level is 233 defects per million, and so on. As Michael L. George describes, every Six Sigma improvement requires a measure to define the capability of any process. This reliance upon precise measurement is what makes the DMAIC processl engthy a DMAIC project may require thousands of measurements before project leaders can analyze the results. Lean Six Sigma does not ignore measurement where it is required, but does not rely upon it absolutely.TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT Total Quality Management or TQM is an integrative philosophy of management for continuously improving the quality of products and processes. TQM functions on the premise that the quality of products and processes is the responsibility of everyone who is involved with the creation or consumption of the products or services offered by an organization. In other words, TQM requires the participation of management, workforce, suppliers, and customers, in order to meet or exceed customer expectations.TQM, as its name suggests, concerns itself entirely with quality. All efforts, finances and techniques are directed at improving quality as much as possible. While Six Sigma is certainly concerned with quality as well, it extends its focus to other issues suc h as product cycle time and cost. Because of this difference, Six Sigma can be much more complex to implement but also can create farther-reaching benefits. The goals of TQM and Six Sigma differ in significant ways. Total Quality Management has no specific goals or endpoints at which management can aim. Basically, the goal of TQM is to always become better, an objective that can become both a blessing and a curse as it continually inspires both motivation and frustration. Six Sigma, on the other hand, has the very tangible goal of 3.4 defects per million. This target gives the philosophy its name, as the amount is six standard deviations (represented by the Greek letter sigma) from the centre of a bell edit According to Six Sigma specialist Thomas Pryzdek, TQM originally featured vague and abstract guidelines that were difficult, if not impossible, for most managers to turn into tangible and implementable strategies. Six Sigma attempts to fix this problem by creating specific fiel ds to target for improvement. In topographic point of general statements about quality improvement, the Six Sigma philosophy pinpoints sectors of specialized focus.IMPLEMENTATION Analyze Is the discovery of variations Six Sigma programs are deployedfrom the Top down and implemented from the bottom up. (Cariera and Trudell, 2006) You must have upper managements buy-in and full support. This support must be communicated effectively through the organization. Upper management must be willing to invest in training for their employees and willing to embrace the changes that will come out of the initiative. Although Six Sigma can involve some complex statistical theories and measurement tools, the barriers to successful implementations usually come from behavioural resistance rather than technical issues. (Kumar, 2006) The following are what Kumar considers Fundamental rules for significant change Always include affected individuals in both planning and implementing improvements. Provide sufficient time for employees to change. Confine improvements to only those changes essential to remove the determine root cause(s). Respect an individuals perceptions by listening and responding to his/her concerns. Ensure leadership participation in the program. Provide timely feedback to affected individuals.These are all key points to implementing Six Sigma, however to a Six Sigma critics point, there is nothing really new here. This is very similar to many other management and quality philosophies. Regardless of what name you give it, these fundamentals are imperative for instituting positive change in an organization. Perhaps by applying these fundamentals under a recognized program such as Six Sigma, there will be a better chance for success. Each phase is important in its own right however the key thing for long lasting results in understanding the Control phase. The control phase must include a plan for continuous review and improvement. The DMAIC roadmap should be looked at as a circular process rather than linear. During the control phase companies must continually look for new opportunities then restart the process at Design.CASE STUDYMumbai Dabbawalas, a perfect example of SIX SIGMA.-Dr. Pawan AgrawalThe food is cooked at al-Qaeda. Tiffin is yours. They dabbawalas will simply deliver it from your home to your workplace before lunch time and deliver the exculpate tiffin box back in the flush at your home as well. Why would you want dabbawala to carry your tiffin? There are two reasons. One is that the Mumbai local trains have lines extending 60-70 km and two, they are crowded. If you have to reach office at 9, you must start at 6. But you wouldnt want to wake your loved ones at 5 and have them prepare the tiffin for you thats where Dabbawala can help you. Another reason is that even if you start at 8, you wont be able to carry your own tiffin because of how crowded the trains are. So, for these two reasons, Dabbawala has been in the business o f carrying your home food to your office for the last 120 years. Theres a group of people called Varkari Sampradaya in Maharashtra they are the devotees of Lord Vitthala and theres a place called Pandharpur, the town of the temple of Vitthala. When they go to that place, they wear a tulasi mala. And when a person wears this mala, he will never drink or reek because Lord Vitthala doesnt like it and the same principle is brought into practice here. Dabbawalas feel that their customer is their Lord Vitthala. These people are poor, they are working in difficult situations, they are not qualified and they dont use technology, and yet, they possess all these qualities and work with passion and commitment.Dabbawala was started in 1890 by Mr. Mahadeo Havaji Bachche. He was once asked by a Parsi working in the Britishers rank, Will you bring my tiffin from my home? He simply answered Yes, I will, no problem. From that day onwards, he started to collect tiffins from homes and delivering them to the respective workplaces. In 1890, there was one dabbawala and one customer, and now, there are 5000 dabbawalas and 200,000 customers, which means, one dabbawala carries approximately 40 tiffins. The maximum exercising weight comes to 65-70kg carrying that much weight in the crowded local trains is a lot of hard work. Why do they do it then? Work is worship. And, as far as qualification is concerned, you will see that the average literacy rate is eighth grade schooling which means the dabbawalas are illiterate and yet they have managed to achieve a Six Sigma quality rating, which means only one wrong service in a 6 million deliveries. Ownership is a feeling that anemployee has to instil in oneself, and unless you get that feeling of ownership you cannot work excellently. In 120 years, it has never happened that a dabbawala has failed to deliver. Its impossible. They will never tell you that the trains are late today, and even if Mumbai trains are late, the tiffins cant be late . The dabbawala knows that if hes not going in time, his customer will eat outside food, pay money for it and waste time. The dabbawala knows the consequences of going late. So he always goes on time.The people of Mumbai say with confidence that our lunch can go wrong but not the Mumbai dabbawalas. So nobody can stop you from being punctual.. Let me speak about (mukadal) group leaders. A group has 10, 20, or 25 dabbawalas, depending on the density of customers in your area, and their in-charge is the group leader. The responsibility to keep the dabbawalas and the customers smart is on the group leader. Despite the fact that he doesnt get even a rupee extra for the extra10% that he works, he feels proud to be a group leader. For example, the group leader also takes care of the train passes of the dabbawalas, to check whether they have expired or not he reminds the dabbawalas in case their passes are about to expire in the next 2-3 days and also buys the pass for the dabbawala if he fails to do so himself in order to ensure that timely delivery doesnt suffer. I will tell you an instance of how one dabbawala performs duty in one day. He collects 40tiffins from a particular area and drops them in the Vile Parle railway station because his customer is from Vile Parle. He cant deliver all of them because he would have to go all over Mumbai, so he leaves these 40 there. Thats his first assembly line. His second job is to collect 35-40 tiffins from his group leader and deliver them to Dadar. His third job is to deliver 30 tiffins to Chavani Road, and in the fourth job from Chavani Road, he delivers 30 Tiffins to Churchgate. His fifth job is to go from Church Gate to deliver 30 tiffins to NarimanPoint.Finally, in his sixth job, he delivers 30 tiffins to express Tower to the customers before lunch time and after lunch, he will reroute back to his original area and deliver the same tiffins from where he hadcollected them. After all this, Forbes has found 1 erroneous d elivery out of 6 million deliveries, but they dont accept that either. They are unhappy that thatone error has occurred. Twelve years ago, some people from Delhi came to Dabbawala and said they want to do research on Dabbawala they prepared a project and went back to Delhi. They called after 3 months and informed Dabbawala about Six Sigma. Dabbawalas didnt know what it meant. They told Dabbawala it was a big honour so Dabbawala asked them to send it across. They were told to go to Delhi and collect it. Sixteen dabbawalas went to Delhi to collect the Six Sigma certification. People work so hard for three and Four Sigma but dabbawalas got Six Sigma because they didnt care about the certification and cared only about customer satisfaction. It is a big achievement especially without the use of technology. Even if the dabbawalas use technology in the form of mobile phones, they cant because both their hands are used in delivering tiffins. Technology is useless for them for delivery. And after all this, they charge only 400 rupees per month for delivery.So, the question arises is that, why do they charge so less. They say customers are poor. If they want more income, they work extra. Dabbawala then gave me an example of a teacher, who earns only Rs 5000 per month as a government rule. He said, Despite the teachers double graduation, I earn more than him, so Im happy. For example, some customers refuse to pay bonus, but the dabbawalas dont disrupt their services. So I asked one of them why, he said, the customer is my God, he has paid me 12 months of salary so its ok if he doesnt pay me one months bonus. Despite the disputes there has never been a police or a court case. Every 15 days they have a meeting. The disputing dabbawalas adjourn their disputes and if they cant, the president takes a call and they follow his judgment without questioning. Dabbawalas feel satisfied. I asked one customer, what he thinks about the dabbawalas. He said, Excellent. When I get my sa lary I am afraid of carrying it in the local train because its so crowded and I can get robbed so instead, after I have lunch, I put the money in the empty dabba and send to my wife. Dabbawalas are very honest.If you do services consistently and with discipline, then the customer, at some point of time, will believe that you are God. In one day, one dabbawala handles 500 tiffins. There is a 79-year-old man who is a dabbawala, nobodys forcing him, but he still works because he thinks he can still provide service to his customers. The dabbawalas use bicycles. Another thing is the coding system about 100 years ago, they were using twist codes. whence when Mumbaigrew and the number of customers increased, they started using alphabets A for Andheri, B for Bandra, etc. And today, they write a proper code with details of the source, destination and all the dabbawalas involved in that particular delivery. When this tiffin is coded and then washed, sometimes the coding becomes unclear, so the dabbawala takes colour out of his pocket and overwrites the code. He doesnt complain about it, he just finishes the job. out-of-pocket to the overcrowded Mumbai local trains, some people enter the luggage department, and when they do, the tiffins stick to their heads. So they start fighting with the dabbawalas and the dabbawalas also fight with them but only till the station arrives, because after that theyre more interested in the delivery. They use carts for longer distances. In running local trains, they sort the tiffins to save time. Risk is there, but its there everywhere. You must work with the situation.For example, they lost some income and customers because of some instances. In 1969, customers stopped taking food. In 1975, there was a railway strike the dabbawalas lost one months income. In 1982, 40,000 repast workers went on strike. Till today theyre on strike. A lot of people lost their lives. Dabbawalas have gone through all this and come out shining. They have bee n featured on multiple carry and have been awarded multiple awards. These 50 Indians have influenced Mumbai Tata, Birla, Ambani, Thakarey, Shahrukh Khan, Amitabh Bachhan and Mumbai Dabbawala. Somebody took a survey in Mumbai about the likes of people, and Dabbawala was one of them. I am not a Dabbawala. Im not involved in any of the operations at all. I have done a Ph.D. on this subject and my topic was A study of logistics in supply chain management of Dabbawala in Mumbai. It took a lot of years to stark(a) my Ph.D. But, two days into the research, I was taken aback by the passion of these people. I decided to do the research whether or not I complete my Ph.D. Prince Charles came to Mumbai in 2003. Six months before his visit, Mr. Jeetendra Jain, in the British Council of India, contacted dabbawala to arrange a visit. Dabbawala first refused and then, after realizing that Prince Charles is Britains royalty in the manner of a king, he agreed, but, with two conditions.First one was that Prince Charles should come at the Dabbawalas convenience between 11 and 11.40 because thats when theyre free. Second, Prince Charles must go to Dabbawala himself. Where to? The footpath. Prince Charles accepted these conditions. Richard Branson came toMumbai. He wanted a photo with Dabbawala to put it up in his office in London to send a message to his employees to work like Dabbawalas. Thats the impact of Mumbai Dabbawala. There was an inauguration of a book written by Shobha Bondre. This was inaugurated by the then main(prenominal) Minister of Maharashtra, Mr. Vilasrao Deshmukh. The chief minister said that for every program he goes an hour late but for a dabbawala program he came 5 minutes early because he was scared that if he came late the Dabbawalas will go away.ANALYSISHow the Dabbawalas works?1. assemblage food dabbas2. Sorting +Grouping3. Transporting4. Receiving5. Delivering6. Collecting empty dabbas1. CollectingA collecting dabbawala, usually on bicycle, collects dabbas either from a workers home or from the dabba makers. The dabbas have some sort of distinguishing mark on them, such as a colour or symbol.2. Sorting + GroupingThe dabbawala then takes them to a designated sorting place, where he and other collecting dabbawalas sort (and sometimes bundle) the lunch boxes into groups.3. TransportingThe grouped boxes are put in the coaches of trains, with markings to identify the destination of the box (usually there is a designated car for the boxes).4. ReceivingThe markings include the railway station to unload the boxes and the building address where the box has to be delivered. At each station, boxes are handed over to a local dabbawala.5. DeliveringThe local dabbawala delivers the dabbas to the respective places.6. Collecting empty dabbasThe empty boxes, after lunch, are again collected and sent back to the respective houses or dabba makersFactors contributing to their success1. Cost efficient and faster delivery The dabbawalas charge a no minal periodical fee which is affordable and they have an efficient delivery network which makes them deliver on time.2. Highly time-testedOn time delivery for all the dabbas and hardly any errors. All deliveries have ensured 100% customer satisfaction. There are cost best in time management and have been awarded six sigma rating.3. use Mumbais railway network Using the Mumbai sub urban railways for their daily transportation from homes to the offices. Thus making it a cheaper and more efficient system.4. StructureThey have a flat hierarchical in the organisation. Just 3 levels of organisation carriers, supervisors and committee members. This flat structureimplies a wide span of control. Every supervisor has about 4-5 carriers under him.CONCLUSIONSix Sigma looks at all work as a series of processes with entire variations, which can cause waste or inefficiency. Focusing on thoseprocesses with greatest impact on business performance, as defined by leadership teams, the methodology involves statistical analysis to quantify repeated common cause variations which can then be reduced by the Six Sigma team. Six Sigma becomes a continuous process for quality improvement and cost reduction flowing throughout the company. Originally developed from a Japanese quality control process for manufacturing electronic semi-conductors, Six Sigma developed the capability of reducing problems or issues effecting customer expectations on key business processes. Six Sigma has provided the opportunity to drive forward important customer focused initiatives across the Cummins global organisation. As an improvement and cost reduction process, Six Sigma is equally legal for marketing and product development as well as manufacturing and customer services. Six Sigma improvement projects and techniques are now the cornerstone of Cummins continued success in cost reduction and quality improvement.REFERENCESLINKShttp//www.experts123.com/q/who-invented-six-sigma.html as on 11/10/2012 ht tp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_sigma as on 11/10/2012http//www.benchmarksixsigma.com/ on 12/10/2012http//www.6sigma.us/six-sigma.php as on 13/10/2012http//www.businessballs.com/sixsigma.html as on 13/10/2012http//www.benchmarksixsigma.com/ as on 13/10/2012BOOKSPede, Peter.S (2002), Mc-Graw Hill, The Six Sigma Way (from 029-72) De Feo, Joseph A. Barnard, William (2005). JURAN Institutes Six Sigma Breakthrough and Beyond Quality Performance Breakthrough Methods. New York, NY McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 0-07-142227-7 (from p235- 245). Ramias, Alan, The Mists of Six Sigma, (2005), BP Trends (from p5-9) Eckes, George, Six Sigma for Everyone, 2003, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. (p 155-169)